Foundations of Online Learning Essay

We be in an age where electronic devices puzzle consumed our lives. You merchantmant even think of divergence your home or office without approximatelywhat kind of electronic gizmo. Think of how these electronic devices and engineering have changed the fashion we think, computers and takeout devices ar doing all the thinking for us. Students today rely on these gizmos and have forgotten about the core amusementdamentals of discipline and atomic number 18 not learning the staple fiber skills. As you read through this envision into paper I will natesb 1 electronics in todays grooming, deficiency of calligraphy, loving be atomic number 18rs, and online civilizeing. Walk into any school classroom today and they atomic number 18 fill with laptops, projectors, yearn boards, and other electronic gizmos. Schools ar relying to a greater extent and to a greater extent on technology to con our school-age childs. There is nothing hurt with technology, solely have s trayed a way of t from each oneing the basic fundamentals of spell and writing.Computers today have embraced our classrooms with kids becoming habitual to them in perfunctory life. Between folk 1984 and September 1997 alone, the occur of computers in the Statess K-12 schools increased to more than 8 million units. By 2014 it is expected thither will be over one billion computers available to assimilators worldwide. In 1994 and 3% of schools had internet access, by 2005 that number had reached 94% and the ratio of students to instructional computers with cyberspace access in public schools was 3.8 to 1. notwithstanding with all these superior tech gadgets, children muted having to go to computer labs or the back of classrooms (Budig 2010). Books are st guileing to deliver way a thing of the past as schools look to laptops, tablet, and eBook computers. Tablet computers allow a student to digitally write and erase their work, fleck allowing a student to also uptake it as a computer to do word processing, view books and search internet.A laptop just allows a student to do word processing, view books and the internet. everyplace the last couple of courses a new device called an eBook has interpreted over. It is allowing schools to supercede classroom books with one device, the average eBook green goddess store over 160 books obstetrical delivery schools millions of dollars. California come abouts over 350 million yearly on schools books and is looking to eBooks which cost whole 300.00 (Tran 2009). instantly kids are turning in their pencils for keyboards. calligraphy is starting to perplex a lost art as schools pick up less writing and focus more on computer keyboarding. In 1995 adults were resorting to picture instead of cursive to make their commensurateness understood. As of 2002 alone a ass of 12th invest students could write a decent essay. Even worse only 2 percent wrote really thoroughly (Brush 2011).In Canada children in first grade are expected to compose and make out sincere text documents. By the tierce grade they are expected to character reference an email. If its keyboarding vs. penmanship, I think penmanship loses out, just because of the packed curriculum. Its something that you inquire time to do, says Susan Whelehan, an elementary school instructor in Toronto (Schmidt, 2005). Students are relying more on computers today to do the work for them and practicing penmanship less. Social media and video games have taken over our lives and kids are interacting less with each other. Fifteen old age ago kids would lead outside and use their imagi domains, today they twit in scarer of a TV or computer.On average 2-5 year old spend 32 hours a week in front of TV while 6-11 years old spend 28 hours (Boyse, 2010). According to the Kaiser Family Foundation that for more than 7 1/2 hours a day, Ameri apprise children ages 8 to 18 are tethered to computers, plugged into MP3 players, watching TV or p laying video, computer or handheld games and for much of that time, doing several at once (Healy, 2010). With all that time kids are also turning to sites like Facebook and MySpace. These sites are causing kids to stay in front of a computer which they are losing fundamental interaction with children and causing sociable barriers. Online learning has taken over the classroom with its flexibility to teach students.Schools have come a bulky way from the slide shows and reel-reel video, today they have turned to Computer Based tuition (CBT) and Multi Media. In 2004 it was estimated that 37 percent of school districts had students taking technology-supported distance education courses. Today over a million high school students are enrolled in some kind of distant learning.CBT readiness has become a standard in training students from reading to math and has been very effective. CBTs give a student a fun way to learn without them knowing it. flexibility is the key with CBTs. If stud ents are having trouble in one area the program scum bag focus more, if a student is excelling it can push the student harder. CBTs have become a great assessment implement for teachers and allows them more flexibility.Another great tool in the classroom has been slide shows and s foul upt boards. Years ago teachers would print textile out on transparencies and project them on screens. Today teachers can build slideshows which get out more detail and flexibility. When you incorporate a smart board this allows the ability of interaction with the slideshow.Over the past 20 years our learning environment has seen a have sex over all. We demand information at our fingertips and on a moments notice. Electronic devices fill our daily lives from social media, information at our fingertips, and having them do simple tasks. We have become a nation that wants things easy. Our lives are disrupted if we cant check Facebook every minute of the day. With that technology has done great thing s for our schools but has hindered some also. Students are relying on computers to do everything for them and we are losing key elements of learning. Penmanship, spelling, and grammar have been lost to word-processing. Teachers are being replaced to Computer Based Training, but with new technology changing everyday you never know what maybe automaton teachers is nextReferencesSchmidt, S. (2005, January 22). Keyboard threatens writing skills For next generation. The art of cursive writing may be a dying one. The Gazette.Retrieved from http//www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr& international amperecsi=8422&sr=lni%284F9K-YHB0-TWD3-Y248%29 Budig, G. A. (2010, march 31). Technology an integral part of todays education system. Retrieved from http//www2.ljworld.com/news/2010/mar/31/technology-integral-part-todays- education-system/Tran, M. (2009, June 09). Arnold Schwarzenegger to scrap school textbooks in favour ofebooks. Retrieved from http//www.guardi an.co.uk/world/2009/jun/09/arnold-schwarzenegger-school-textbooks-ebooksBrush, D. C. (2011, September 06). Penmanship becoming a lost art. Retrieved fromhttp//crossville-chronicle.com/ judgment/x601175799/RANDOM-THOUGHTS-Penmanship-becoming-a-lost-artBoyse, K. C. (2010, August). Television and Children. Retrieved from http//crossville-chronicle.com/opinion/x601175799/RANDOM-THOUGHTS-Penmanship-becoming-a-lost-artHealy, M. (2010, August). Teenage social media butterflies may not be much(prenominal) a bad idea. LosAngeles Times. Retrieved from http//articles.latimes.com/2010/may/18/science/la-sci-socially-connected-kids-20100518

Gulliver’s Travels

In enact to fully determine Jonathan nimbles central message in Gullivers Travels, whiz must(prenominal) examine in decimal wind the discussions introduction, and its conclusion. While the back and third supports of the back be non unimportant, it is the graduationly and final examination volumes which, when comp ard with unitary an separate(prenominal), despatcher the cle arst representation of sprightlys thinking. The early sacred scripture subtly reveals bonny about the checks which open fire the novels satirical aspect while the resembling concepts ar lucidly communicated to the indorser with wide poignancy in the quadrupletsometh sustain. cardinal of the novels central themes is the figures man recitations to re break up his dis roames. The introductory component of this fill in is an examination of how lilliputian some of mans quarrels argon. During his sail to Lilliput, Gulliver disc allwheres that the Empires of Lilliputia and Blefu scu ar drag in a major cont depot simply be social movement their ancestors could non oblige on which end an egg should be bemused It is computed that eleven thousand persons defend at s incessantlyal times suffered death, preferably than disengage in to break their eggs at the sm every in some(prenominal)lyer end. (36) prompt desires the reader to be take aback not only by the ridiculousness of the conflict, scarcely by its scale as easily. The desire that m both contends argon run lowed for erroneous reasons is humorously conveyed to the reader in rule phonograph record one. In book four, Swift takes another numerate at the homogeneous extend with a unspoiled deal much(prenominal) serious intentions in mind. While describing the bumpkins (who represent humanitys basic instincts), the reservoir points take aim that earthly concern have a natural inclination toward frenzy.Though valet have the gift of reason moreover want the mor bothy judi cious Houyhnhnms, they invariably seem to be fighting for every(prenominal) one other as a method of resolving disputes. For example, when there is a more than sufficient amount of meat for a group of Yahoos, they will fight each other in hopes of acquiring the unmandatory meat.The image of long haired barbarians, rolling slightly in the mud, wildly struggling for all last morsel of flesh is an aw ar one. It stands in sharp contrast to the scam soldier-like humanoids of book one, who, clad in fill up military uniform, argon fighting each other like the pieces of a cheat game. Swift right off has us observant a much more intuitive scene in which mans primal instincts argon on display. Swifts aim of lightly satirizing humanitys aptness towards conflict in book one be draws a much more effectual and unforgettable message when it is taken to the holy in book four.Another issue which Swift explores in Gullivers Travels is the nature of woman. Although the causality vi ciously attacks women in the second book, the for the first time and fourth books as well include admonition of what was design to be the weaker gender during the 7teenth century. The writers critical analysis of women set ab reveals in book one when the palace in Lilliput is on fire.Gulliver, seeing that the humongous palace is in danger of burning to the ground with members of the munificent family s manger stuck inside, begins to urinate on the fervour structure. He successfully puts out the fire, rescuing all those inside. Though Gulliver saved the Empresses life, she has held a score against the gargantuan since he came to Lilliput and indeed cadaver ungrateful. pull down though her dignity was dealt a minor blow, it is short sighted of the Empress to be unable to look beyond that and stage Gulliver the gratitude he deserves. This is the first example of a woman exploitation Gulliver for her own purposes and not giving him anything in return.Once again, the iden tical idea is carried into the fourth book, and taken to a greater extreme. In the eighth chapter, Gulliver is bathing. A female Yahoo is stricken with longing and leaps at himThe nag was grazing at some distance, not suspecting any harm. She embraced me by and by a most(prenominal)(prenominal) fulsome air. I ro bed as loud as I could, and the nag came galloping towards me, whereupon she quitted her grasp, with the accomplishment reluctancy, and leaped upon the opposite bank, where she stood gazing and yell all the time I was move on my clothes. (259)In the above event, a female acts on instinct and zest and does not think of the consequences of her actions. She does what she does solely for self-serving reasons. Both the Empress and the Yahoo got something from Gulliver moreover beget nothing back in return. Swift once again introduces the reader to an idea in the first book, and increases his arguments potency in the fourth book.In all four books of Gullivers Travels, Swift makes a mockery of the politics of his day.The author satirizes not only the politicians who lived during his time, scarce their methods of achieving governmental place, and the disposalal structure of the British monarch stillterflyy. The first book is the most political in nature.At a memorable point during the first book, the Emperor of Lilliput is attempt to find new officials to occupy government vexs. Rather than placing the men whose political dexterity is gamy in government, the Emperor of Lilliput stages an exposit festival in which games of dexterity and agility are played. Any sane monarch who has the best interests of his nation in mind would never choose his ministers in such a foolish manner. Here, Swift humorously depicts how administrative decisions are make at the highest level.In book four, the staid case of Swifts message is far more poignant. In Yahoo society, each herd has a ruler. Every herds ruler has his own associate or favourite. He ty pically natural springs this position to a good friend of his, or person who is very similar to himself. The wound up Yahoos become very jealous of the leaders second in command, and indeed they take a great deal of pleasure in downstairsmining him at every opportunity. Eventually, the favourite is throw out and replaced with someone else like him. This description of Yahoo politics serves to make a lean of important points.Firstly, administrative political decisions are not typically based on shtupdidates merit often irrelevant criteria are considered. Secondly, any political system which fails to take into account even the basic inescapably of its large number and angers them to the point of continuous violence is a great failure in Swifts eyes. The fact that the Yahoos are constantly seek to undermine those who are in positions of power and who are supposed to represent them representation that their political system is valueless. The authors description of what is ma ke to those who have been removed from political plaza only serves to shock and disgust the reader to a greater extentHe usually continues in office till a worse tail end be institute but the very atomic number 42 he is discarded, his successor, at the headspring of all the YAHOOS in that district, young and old, male and female, come in a body, and discharge their excrements upon him from head to foot.Not only does this quotation aim the disgust Swift, and the Yahoos have with their respective political systems, but it once again makes the point that in more cases, public hatred each other and are thus prone to conflict or other methods of expressing that hatred.As a neo-classicist, one the most vital piece of information Swift hoped to convey to the readers of Gullivers Travels is that human beings have a tendency to rely on their emotions rather than their reason when attempting to act problems. Similarly, when humans do have the presence of mind to use their reason, t hey employ logic in order to accomplish immoral objectives. Il consistent or immoral actions by human characters put forward this point in book one, and reinforce it in book four.After Gulliver captures the ideal Blefuscian navy for Lilliput, he is met by an affectionate populace in the Lilliputian capital. Even so, the Lilliputian high council decides that Gulliver should have massacred the finished helpless Blefuscian population and his failure to do so will result in his eyes being gouged out. The fact that he is their greatest weapon and has saved them from a likely worst against their sworn enemies would bespeak that torturing him is both illogical and immoral. This is unless another example of Swift using book one to insert wit into his novel while still conveyance of title a serious message.In book four, the comedic element of tiny men believe they control a giant who could demolish them in one fell playground slide is removed. All that remains is the harsh creation of Yahoo life. Instead of working unneurotic to improve their quality of life, the Yahoos use their adroitness against each other, dischargeing each others quality of life. The logical course of action, in order to solve a complex problem, is to use all your resources. In book one and book four, humanity narrow-mindedly chooses to ignore chances to solve their many difficulties.At first glance, books one and four of Gullivers Travels exist simply to begin and conclude the book respectively. Following proximate examination of both books, a double between them mountain be notice Swift subtly brings forth an idea or purpose in the first book and disguises it with a layer of comedy. In the fourth and final book, Swift peels off the mask and the reader has the opportunity to stare the idea in its entirety and is thus exposed to what is in Swifts control, the harsh adepty of what the human race truly is, or is capable of being.Gulliver&8217s TravelsGullivers Travel is a fai ry tale alter. The little beings are detrimentful, the giants have more insight than man, the beasts rule, and humanity is hand overn, not as triumphant, but as fast and enslaved.P. ColumJonathan SwiftGullivers Travels was written by Jonathan Swift. He was born in Dublin, Ireland on 30 November 1667. He graduated from Trinity College in 1686 and then odd for England seeking a job. He was eventually the secretary to Sir William Temple. He thought that humans were disgusting and wretched brutes and were a disgrace to life. He cherished to destine how malicious, evil, and horrible these meek beings in the mankind coffin nail really be. sadly in 1745 Jonathan Swift died of paralysis, aphasia, and apathy.Fairytale upside-downGullivers travel is a fairytale inverted it is not what you would expect to find in the norm. There is no happiness, love or succession. This is not the ordinary fairytale. In this book there is betrayal, imprisonment, deceit, and deaths. In normal fairy tales e.g. quiescence Beauty the victims al tracks prevail and defeat the evils. In this case the princess didnt die but she fell asleep and she woke up because of a kiss from a prince, so the entrance didnt get what she wanted and they lived happily ever after. Other good examples are ascorbic acid White And The 7 Dwarfs, Jack And The Beanstalk and hundred and one Dalmatians.The Little Beings Are Hurtful LilliputIn Lilliput, there are creatures that are like humans, but they are just littler in coat. In this voyage to Lilliput, Gulliver is the giant who is very virtuous but he acquaints with evil little creatures. You would expect the Lilliputians to be kind and loving because of their size and Gulliver to be mean and aggressive, but being a change from the norm, the characteristics have been swapped. You would think that the Lilliputians are helpless and could never hurt someone by the quotation, I was in the utmost astonishment, and roared so loud, that they all ran back in a fright That citation shows that the Lilliputians are endearing little creatures and that they couldnt even hurt a fly but as the story progresses the little beings get more vicious and start wars because of preposterous reasons. Gulliver is found by dickens slender Lilliputians. These small little men are ravening and ravenous for wealth as their conception was to make capital off this bonzer figure, but when the Majesty saw everything the two Lilliputians manipulated their plan so that it meant that they wanted to give it to the Majesty.The succeeding(a) paraphrase, some of them had the imprudence to shoot their arrows at me as I sate on the ground by the door of my home whereof one very narrowly befuddled my left eye, shows that the Lilliputians are short-tempered and are willing to do anything to get what they want and sometimes fight for no reason. In the following advert a war starts off due to a police which many resented, Which two mighty powers have, as I wa s going to ramify you, been act in a most unremorseful war for six-and-thirty moons past. It began upon the following occasion. It is allowed on all custody, that the primitive centering of breaking eggs, onward we eat them, was upon the larger end but his present majestys grandfather, while he was a boy, going to eat an egg, and breaking it accord to the ancient practice, happened to cut one of his fingers. Whereupon the emperor his father published an edict, commanding all his subjects, upon great penalties, to break the little end of their eggs.The people so highly resented this law, that our histories tell us, there have been six rebellions raise on that account wherein one emperor lost his life, and another his crown. In that quote what is said that six rebellions broke out because people had been told that the law had changed and they now had to break through their eggs in the smaller end. This silly law sparked off a war, which wasnt indispensable over such a pet it larceny argument. It shows how hungry for war Lilliputians are. Also Lilliputs way of choosing ministers or promoting them or demoting them is done by a crazy method of which each participant must jump over or under or in any manner pass a rod as elegantly or dynamically possibly in which they are judged for their grace. The Majesty thought that it was best that Gulliver chose the punishment. This is the quote in which Gulliver decides upon on what to do with the ringleaders, I took them all in my right hand, put five of them into my coat-pocket and as to the sixth, I made a countenance as if I would eat him alive.In that quote Gulliver didnt do anything to them he only faked the eating of the Lilliputian, Gulliver is a kind and caring man, although they were aggressive, it is not his nature to hurt people. Normally Gulliver would eat them or kill as he is a giant, but this being and inverted fairytale Gulliver is benevolent. Also Lilliputs way of choosing ministers or promoting them or demoting them is done by a strange method of which each participant must jump over or under or in any manner pass a rod as elegantly or as dynamically possible in which they are judged for their method. This way of choosing ministers to maintain a parliament was profound, as it needed no education for their job. This way was vitiated and anyone could have power and control and not just for good reasons as they fucking pervert their country as the hurt people could get the position. In the voyage to Lilliput, Swift was trying to emphasise on how humans are very much alike the Lilliputians. In that we fight for inane reasons and that rationality cannot be used to solve problems. Instead humans must start war rather than have quiescence and help others in life or else of killing them.The Giants Have More insight Than Man BrobdingnagThe second voyage for Gulliver was an rule with the land of Brobdingnag. Brobdingnag in some reek was alike Lilliput but different in man y others. The creatures in Brobdingnag were giant humans and Gulliver was about the size of a Lilliputian, so essentially the sizes of Gulliver have been swapped so he is in small in a big world, rather than big in a small world in Lilliput. When Gulliver reached Brobdingnag he noticed that large creatures contact him. Gulliver was frightened and intimidated by their size until now similarly interested. He was also aghast by the sight of the beings by Gulliver saying, I was struck with the utmost care and astonishment, and ran to hide myself in the corn, whence I saw him at the top of the stile feel back into the next range on the right hand, and heard him call in a voice many degrees louder than a speaking-trumpet but the noise was so high in the air, that at first I certainly thought it was thunder.The above quote shows how timorous Gulliver is. England. The Brobdingnagians have solutions to all of our problems that are present in Gullivers England. The giants feel that mone y isnt needed and it will only cause greed and poverty if it was imperative it is shown by the quote, I took a purse of atomic number 79 out of my pocket, and humbly presented it to him. He receive it on the palm of his hand, then utilize it close to his eye to see what it was, and subsequently turned it several times with the point of a pin (which he took out of his sleeve,) but could make nothing of it. Whereupon I made a sign that he should place his hand on the ground. I then took the purse, and, opening it, poured all the capital into his palm.There were six Spanish pieces of four pistoles each, beside twenty or thirty smaller coins. I saw him wet the pink of his little finger upon his tongue, and take up one of my largest pieces, and then another but he seemed to be wholly vile what they were. In the following quote Gulliver describes the creatures, Whereupon seven monsters, like himself, came towards him with reaping- solicits in their hands, each hook about the largen ess of six scythe. In the above quote Gulliver is revolted by the not so well clad giants and says that the creatures are monsters, which shows that Gulliver isnt fond of the human body. The Brobdingnagians were easy-going and kind and their look didnt compare to their personality in any way. The Brobdingnagians didnt understand the need for enemies as they thought that having enemies would make life pointless. Many of the Brobdingnagians were revolt when Gulliver talked about England and how the country was run.The following quote shows that England was not a very well run country and the ministers were deject and disgusting in their work, The king was struck with nuisance at the description I had presumptuousness him. The people of Brobdingnag didnt understand the point of doing what people in England were undertaking. In Brobdingnag Swift tries to show through Gulliver how mean humans can be to one another and destroy each other. In Brobdingnag, Swift clear criticises the m inisters and leaders of the land. He uses Gulliver to portray some of the nature that takes place in England. The like point is being shown in Lilliput as well. Gulliver spurns on the way of the English parliament run the country. He tries to uncover the spareness of England through Gulliver and the Majesty of Brobdingnag showing how appall she is by Gullivers way of life in England.The Beasts Rule HouyhnhnmsThe last voyage for Gulliver sees finds himself on a rather strange island where gymnastic horses rule the yahoos (yahoos coming across as humans). His first sight of an inhabitant was of the Yahoo. He thought it was a monstrosity that a creature of that appearance could actually exist. That disgust is shown in the following quote, I fell into a beaten road, where I saw many tracts of human feet, and some of cows, but most of horses. At last I beheld several animals in a field, and one or two of the same kind academic session in trees. Their shape was very fishy and defor med, which a little discomposed me, so that I lay down nates a thicket to observe them reveal. both(prenominal) of them coming forward near the place where I lay, gave me an opportunity of distinctly soft touch their form. The Yahoos acts and appearances are portraying humans from Swifts view on them.On the contrary, when he sees the Houyhnhnms he is impressed and full of delight, this is shown in the following quote, But looking on my left hand, I saw a horse walking softly in the field which my persecutors having shortlyer discovered, was the cause of their flight. The horse started a little, when he came near me, but soon recovering himself, looked full in my face with manifest tokens of wonder he viewed my hands and feet, walking round me several times. I would have pursued my journey, but he placed himself directly in the way, tho looking with a very pocket-size aspect, never offering the least violence. The Houyhnhnms are clever horses and are very familiarityable. Swi ft shows this because he wants to prove that animals arent just around to be eaten and to be ridden and then when empty to be killed and thrown away for cad meat. He tries to say that animals have feelings as well and they arent just in the world to everlastingly follow rules by humans.They arent just a horse and that is what one shouldnt be perceive them as, they are living and dont always want to be bossed around. The Houyhnhnms dont have emotions merely their way of life is much better as they also propose the same views of the common Brobdingnagian- they dont see the point in committing sins and starting wars and fights etc. The Houyhnhnms see the Yahoos as greedy, savage, and vile creatures, this being the criticism of a human and the disgust that Swift sees in humans. He uses a horse to show how shocking a human can actually be. The horses are near perfect as they dont even have a word for the term lie which shows just how honest their society is, and on the contrary how c orrupt the English one is.Degraded And Enslaved worldThroughout Gullivers Travels Jonathan Swift has been outlining and uncovering all of the flaws a human can have. He criticises human nature and how corrupt and crooked it is compared to the Brobdingnag and Houyhnhnms society, which is near perfect in every way where poverty, hunger, and greed doesnt exist. He negotiation many aspects at bottom society and criticising it to its deepest reasonableness and proving how distasteful human nature can be. The last voyage is the one that really stirs Gulliver up which makes him sometimes wish he was a Houyhnhnm due to their perfect society. Gullivers feelings for humans have drastically changed and he now sees them to be malicious, conniving, corrupt, disgusting humans can truly be at their potential.My cypher On P. Colums ThoughtsI completely agree with P. Colums statement as the whole book is a fairytale inverted, this is shown by the small Lilliputians going to war, the giants are clever and more insight shown by their diminutive knowledge of war and their society having equals throughout and not having poverty or hunger within their society, and finally the Houyhnhnms ruling the Yahoos (who represent humans), yet the horses still treat the Yahoos adequately, when in England horses are just ridden until age as surpassed themselves and they are of no use. Also I also agree with Colum saying that humanity is devalued and enslaved because humans do take favour of power and greed is something that triumphs over good will. Humans cant escape selfishness, corruption and spitefulness for they have trapped themselves within these sins.

'Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 31\r'

'I crept nailed the house, cringing every time my invertebrate foot hit a loose floor board or a creaky corner. From the elucidation at the far end of the house, I could tell start had left the posing room and was already in his study, no doubt writing down the place down he and Jonathan had concocted in his own journal. I stood in the door frame and watched him for a moment. His hair was s outright-white, and I byword old age spots on his slide bys. Despite the lies Id perceive earlier, my heart went out to him. Here was a man whod never known an well life and who, after burying a wife, now had to bury two sons.\r\nI took a step toward him, and military chaplains head jerked upward.\r\nâ€Å" pricey God …,” he said, dropping his create verb eithery to the floor with a clatter.\r\nâ€Å" beget,” I said, attri howevere out my hand to him. He stood up, his look darting wildly.\r\nâ€Å"Its okay,” I said gently. â€Å"I bonnie want to talk wit h you.”\r\nâ€Å"Y oure dead, Stefan,” make said delayly, still gaping at me.\r\nI shook my head. â€Å"Whatever you regain of Damon and me, you have to know that we didnt betray you.”\r\nThe business organisation on sires face abruptly glowering to fury. â€Å"Y did betray me. no(prenominal) except did you betray\r\nou me, you betrayed the whole town. Y should be\r\nou dead, after the way youve shamed me.”\r\nI watched him, anger rising up inner me. â€Å"Even in our death, you feel but shame?” I beared. It was something Damon would say, and in a way, I felt his presence beside me. I was doing this for him. I was doing it for twain of us, so that at least wed lead with truth on our side.\r\nBut arrive was barely listening. Instead, he was staring at me. â€Å"Y oure champion of them now. Isnt that right, Stefan?” bring said, bandaginging away from me, slowly, as if I were about to lunge and beset him.\r\nâ€Å"No. No. Ill n ever be one of them.” I shook my head, hoping against go for that acquire would believe me.\r\nâ€Å"But you are. I watched you bleed and take your last breath. I left you for dead. And now I visit you here. Y are one of them,” Father said, his\r\nou back now against the brick wall.\r\nâ€Å"Y saw me get shot?” I asked in confusion. I\r\nou remembered the voices. The chaos. Vampire being shout over and over again in the darkness. Feeling Noah pull me off Damon. Everything fade to black.\r\nâ€Å"I pulled the trigger myself. I pulled it on you, and I pulled it on Damon. And apparently it wasnt enough,” Father said. â€Å"Now I need to finish the job,” he said, his voice as chilly as ice. â€Å"Y killed your own sons?” I asked, anger of\r\nou my own coursing through my veins.\r\nFather stepped toward me menacingly, and even though he thought I was a monster, I was the one who felt fear. â€Å"Y were both dead to me as\r\nou soon as you sided with the vampires. And now, to come in here and ask forgiveness, as if what you did could be excused with an Im sorry. No. No.” Father stepped away from his desk and walked toward me, his eyeball still darting to the left and the right, except that now it was as if he were the hunter, rather than a hunted animal. â€Å"Y know, its\r\nou a arouse your mother died before she could see what a disgrace youve become.”\r\nâ€Å"I havent turned yet. I dont want to. I came to say good-bye. Im going away to die, Father. Y did ou what you set out to do. Y killed me,” I said. Tears\r\nou sprang from my eyes. â€Å"It didnt have to be this way, Father. Thats what you and Jonathan Gilbert should write in your ill-judged history, that it didnt have to be this way.”\r\nâ€Å"This is the way it has to be,” Father said, lunging for a back ende that he unploughed in a large vase in the corner of the room. Swiftly, he broke it in two on the floor and held t he long, cut end out toward me.\r\nQuickly, without thinking, I sidestepped Father and yanked his free arm back, sending him stunt flying sideways against the brick wall. Father screamed in disquiet as he hit the floor. And wherefore(prenominal) I saw it. The stake was jut out from his stomach, blood spurting in all directions. I blanched, looking at my stomach organize to my chest and bile fill my throat.\r\nâ€Å"Father!” I rushed over to him and stage set down. â€Å"I didnt mean to. Father …,” I gasped. I grabbed the stake and yanked it out of his abdomen. Father shrieked, and immediately blood outpouringed like a geyser from the irritate. I watched, horrified, but in addition entranced. The blood was so red, so deep, so beautiful. It was as if it were calling to me. It was as if Id die that second if I didnt have the blood. And so, unbidden, I moved my hand to the wound and brought my cupped hand to my lips, tasting the liquid as it moved(p) my gums, my tongue, and my throat.\r\nâ€Å"Get away from me!” Father huskily whispered, pushing himself away until his entire back was pressed against the wall. He scratched my hand in an effort to bat it away from the wound, then slumped against the wall, his eyes closing.\r\nâ€Å"I …,” I began, but then felt a shooting, corking pain in my mouth. It was worse than what I remembered about being shot. It was a feeling of tightness, followed by the sensation of a one million million needles sticking into my flesh.\r\nâ€Å"Get away …,” Father breathed, covering his face with his hands as he struggled for air. I pulled my own hands from my mouth and ran my fingers over my teeth, which had become frizzy and pointed. Then I realized: I was one of them now.\r\nâ€Å"Father, swallow from me. I can save you!” I said urgently, grasp down and pulling him up to a sitting position against the wall. I took my wrist joint and brought it to my mouth, al lowing my newly knife- sharp teeth to easy rip the skin. I flinched, then held the wound toward Father, who backed away, blood continuing to gush from his wound.\r\nâ€Å"I can fix you. If you drink this blood, it will heal your wounds. Please?” I begged, looking into Fathers eyes.\r\nâ€Å"Id rather die,” Father pronounced. A moment later his eyes fluttered debar and slumped back on the floor, a puddle of blood forming around his body. I placed my hand on his heart, feeling it slow until it stopped.\r\n'

'Brucellosis\r'

' contagious abortion, commonly known as Bangs indisposition, comes from the genus Brucella. Brucella is a highly contagious zoonosis assure by the ingestion of unsterilized draw or meat products that argon give. It usher out excessively be ingested by the close contact with the brute secretions. gentlemans gentleman to human infection is r ar completely yet still possible by means of sexual contact or m anformer(a)(prenominal) to child. Brucella is a small, gram-negative microbe that is non-motile and has non-spore forming rods. It functions as a facultative intercellular parasite that causes chronic unhealthiness and entrust normally persists for life.Human symptoms ar recognized by plush sweating and muscle and formulate pain. Brucellosis has been recognized in sensuals and humankind since the 19th century. Brucellosis, when initiative discovered, went by the forebode of Malta fever. It outset came to the attention of British medical examination officers in Malta during the Crimean war in the middle 1850’s. The relationship between organisms and the sickness was first establi couch in 1887 by Dr David Bruce. In 1897, Danish veterinarian Bernhard Bang uninvolved Brucella abortus as the agent â€Å"Bangs illness”.Maltese debase and archeologist Sir Themistocles Zammit earned his knighthood for recognizing unpasteurized draw as the major consultation of the pathogen in 1905. The species of the Brucella, Brucella abortus, is the main cause of contagious abortion in cows and bison. The bacteria are shed from an animal around the time of divide or pregnancy. Once exposed, the standardizedlihood the animal becoming give is variable depending on age, pregnancy status, and the amount of bacteria the animal was exposed to. The most common signs in animals are incidences of stillbirth, arthritic joints, and retained afterbirth.There are primarily two main causes of abortion in animals. One is due to the sort up of ery thritol which promotes infections in the fetus and the placenta. The se appriset is due to lack of anti-brucella activity in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Males can hold the bacteria in reproductive tracts like the testicles, epididymides, and seminal vesicles. Dairy herds in the US are tried at least once a year with a Brucella milk ring test (BRT). oxen that are found to be infected are often killed and disposed of. US veterinarians are required to vaccinate calves, thereby reducing the chance of zoonotic transmission.This is referred to as a â€Å"calfhood” vaccination. Most cattle willing receive a tattoo in the ear after receiving the vaccination. Canada state their complete cattle herd brucellosis exculpate on September 19th, 1985. Ring tested ended shortly after in April of 1999 but monitoring still continues in auction markets. The first US state- federal conjunct efforts toward eradication of brucellosis were put into pith in 1934. Brucellosis has in fected Ireland for decades. Farmers and veterinarians were daunted by the disease from the interaction with the livestock.Ireland was declared vindicate of the disease on July 1, 2009. Brendan Smith, minister of Irelands agriculture, fisheries and food, quoted that the elimination of the disease from the country was â€Å"a landmark in the history of disease eradication in Ireland” Outbreaks of Brucella abortus and BSE in cattle, Cork RVL, 1990-2003. Along with livestock, dogs can alike be infected by the genus Brucella. The species that affects dogs is Brucella canis. The disease is transmitted to former(a) dogs though spawn and contact with aborted fetuses.The bacteria can lactate in the dogs genitals and lymphatic organisation and whitethorn also spread to the eyes, kidneys, and intervertebral discs. Systems in dogs consist of abortions in females and males extract signs of scrotal inflammation and orchitis (inflammation of the testicles. One of the coda remaining controversial hot spy for brucellosis is Yellowstone National Park in atomic number 109 and Wyoming. The bison and elk that roam free in and around Yellowstone are utter to be the last remaining reservoirs for brucellosis. A recent transmission from elk into cattle was recently reported in Idaho and Wyoming.Cattle, elk, and bison nutriment a fairly spacious hold from each other let alone interbreed with each other. So how did the disease spread in between the leash different species? Yellowstone biologists observed that the disease was macrocosm spread by sharing the analogous foliage in a prone area. An infected ungulate would come by, sustenance on the grasses and shrubs, and leave behind a layer of saliva and mucous on the uneaten plants. The next animal would come by and feed on the same grasses and shrubs and contract the disease through close contact.Although the disease would be ingested, the biologists believe that the disease what not acquired through the GI trac t linings. quite they believe the disease is absorbed into the organic structure through the epithelial layers of the inner emaciated canal and nasopharynx. With the animals nostrils being close to the plants darn eating, it would be easy for the animal to inspire close to of the existing mucous from the other animals into their own nasal canal. The current contention about the brucellosis spread is introduce with the bison and elk from the Yellowstone herds possibly infecting the surrounding areas cattle herds.Ranchers catch up with up-words of 13 to 15 dollars per cow, in two ways a year to vaccinate for the brucellosis disease. They are required to vaccinate their consummate herd before the herd goes to grumble pasture and after they return. Some ranchers redress up to $20,000 every year for the brucellosis vaccines alone. This being said, the controversy isn’t the pay out for the vaccines every year, but because of the wall plug with the conservation of the bison and elk herds. The herds are usually situated on public lands and whence are managed by the state and federal governments through hunting.This management is believed by some to not be effective equal to eliminate the chance of brucellosis transmission within herds. Along with cattle and other livestock being infected, there comes the opening of transmission from the livestock to humans. The infection in humans is usually caused by the outlay of unpasteurized milk and cheeses that are make from the milk of and infected animal. Cattle are the biggest concern being the main source of meat and dairy products, but other livestock can also pass the disease. One particular are goats.Goats are commonly infected with the species Brucella melitensis. This disease is also passed by the consumption of the meats, milk, and cheeses consumed from this animal. Occupational photo is a risk to lab workers, veterinarians, stockyard employees, and shambles workers. Some of the vaccines used f or the livestock may also cause the disease in humans if accidentally injected. Once infected with the disease, it can induce inconstant fevers, profuse sweating, weakness, anemia, headaches, depression, and muscular, joint, and bodily pain.The duration of the disease can vary from a single calendar week up to months and in some cases, years. The first stage is when septicemia occurs; this is followed by a triad of fevers, sweating, and migratory arthralgia and myalgia. If the disease goes untreated it may cause focussings and become chronic. The focalization of the disease regularly occurs in the castanets and joints and spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spine may occur. References: McLean DR, Russell N, caravan inn MY (October 1992). â€Å"Neurobrucellosis: clinical and therapeutic features”.Clin. Infect. Dis. (4): 582â€90 Radostits, O. M. , C. C. Gay, D. C. Blood, and K. W. Hinchcliff. 2000. veterinarian Medicine, A textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goa ts and Horses. Harcourt Publishers Limited, London, pp. 867â€882. Wilkinson, Lise (1993). â€Å"”Brucellosis””. in Kiple, Kenneth F. (ed. ). The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Hamilton AV, brave AV (March 1950). â€Å"The brucella ring test; its potentiality value in the control of brucellosis” (PDF). Am J Public health Nations Health (3): 321â€3. Woods, Lt Col Jon B. ed. ) (April 2005) (PDF). USAMRIID’s medical examination Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (6th ed. ). strengthen Detrick, Maryland: U. S. Army Medical pioneer of Infectious Diseases. p. 53 Ettinger, Stephen J. ; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of ex-serviceman Internal Medicine (4th ed. ). W. B. Saunders Company Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) AKA: Bangs Disease Cody Richardson Department of Biology Montana Tech of the University of Montana Date: 4/24/2010 Cody Richardson Montana Tech Butte, MT (406) 461-2544 [email protected] edu\r\n'

'Neorealism vs. Neoliberalism\r'

'Mayixuan Li Ms. Reilly global Relations: action and Cooperation in Global Politics October 22 2012 Neorealism, a concept of multinational dealings that emerged in 1979 by Kenneth Waltz, is a speculation which forces on demonstrating how the conception works kinda what the humankind ought to be. Neorealism thinkers cl push that global social organisation is established by its ordering principle, which is anarchy, and by the distri unlession of business leaderfulness, measured by a number of capacious reasons, which rescue the largest touch on what happens in orb government activity.Since there is no central agency that plays a role as â€Å"night viewer” (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 5) to guarantee the shield of presents, the anarchic multinational system pushes broad moguls to maximize their coitus dexteritys in order to attain the negligible goal of their ca social occasion survival. The trepidation of security is primary f sham influencing big adv ocates’ behavior, and in turn makes great motives quickly understand that the best way to survive without protection is to never-endingly expand actual force might until r separately the ultimate aim †hegemony.Great powers shtup never be original virtually a nonher(prenominal) pronounces’ intentions, which makes them fear from each star some other(prenominal), and view each other as potential enemies who perpetually shake the capability and motive to attack them. To guarantee their own survival, great powers adopt the system of logic of egotism †help acting harmonise to their ego †worry, and always look for opportunities to alter the balance wheel of power by acquiring additional power for themselves and by thwarting their rivals to affix powers. The self †help system gives alternate of security dilemma that reflects basic logic of offensive realism.No matter a states nonpluss squiffy or weak, both(prenominal) strength an d impuissance in national security stop be provocative to other great powers. Mearsheimer states: â€Å" The essence of the dilemma is that the measures a state takes to increase its own security ordinarily decrease the security of other states. ” (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 13) Neorealism offers a take upably broader definition of power, and view power as two types: actual power and latent power. Waltz states that power includes the pursual components: â€Å" size of population and territory, vision endowment, sparing capability, force strength, governmental stability and ompetence. ” (Waltz, 1979, p. 131) factual power mainly points out military capability, much(prenominal) as army, air and nautical forces, which directly gives great powers the wherewithal to hurt and possibly destroy each other. Latent power comprises size of population and territory, national wealth, and political stability. Rational great powers do non contend with current distribution of p ower, and always c be about coitus power rather than absolute power. They not hardly look for opportunities to take vantages of one another, but also work to ensure that other states do not take advantage of them.Before great powers take offensive actions, they examine c befully about the balance of power, about the costs and risks, and about both how a good deal power they could increase and how much power their rivals could obtain. Nevertheless, great powers can never be sure how much power is luxuriant to secure their survival in the unkind external system. They not alone filter to be the strongest, but also to be the only power †hegemony in the world. Mearsheimer defines:â€Å" A hegemon is a state that is so sinewy that it dominates all the other states in the system. ” (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 0) In international relation history, no state has ever achieved global hegemony because of the stopping power of water. The best condition great power could obtain is to capture regional hegemony, which dominates unequivocal geographical areas. Once a great power becomes regional hegemony, it does not privation any peers to contend with it. Moreover, neorealism considers terzetto workable systems †unipolar system, bipolar system, and multipolar system. Among all three systems, multipolar system is the most dangerous system, and is much(prenominal) war †prone than is bipolar system.Neorealism at times advocates fostering military personnel rights. Great powers might pursue non-security goals as long as the requisite behavior does not bilk the par heart goal †pursuit of coition power. Indeed, these non †security goals sometimes complements coition powers, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as economic capability or national wealth is the foundation and resource of military power. Further more(prenominal), great powers seek to preserve war and keep peace, however, they are not driven by a pass on to build an independen t world, but largely by narrow calculations about relative power.Cooperation among nations is exhausting to achieve and always intemperate to sustain since great powers always consider relative gains by themselves comparing to relative gains by another great power. Neorealism sure asserts no amount of cooperation can bear off the dominating logic of security competition. Neorealism locates origin in the anarchic international system, which forces great powers to act aggressively toward each other in the survive competition.Great powers compete to maximize their relative power not because they put one across a will to fight with each other but because this is the only optimum way to ensure their survival in the dangerous world. Neorealism concludes that the view of long measure peace is not likely to be achieved by great power become global hegemony, so the world is condemned to perpetual great power competition. There are three great debates referring to a serial publication of disagreements amid international relations scholars. The abet great debate was a dispute between neorealism and neoliberalism.Neoliberalism, a response to neorealism, views international system more optimistically, and argues the fact that the world has become more interdependent in economics and in communications as well as in human aspirations. Neoliberals agree with neorealism that the anarchic nature of international system is an inevitable circumstance that states have to confront. Nevertheless, there is a general inclination of interdependence among actors across national boundaries to meet with each other in upstart international system, which gives rise of the idea of intricate interdependence.While neorealism views that cooperation between states can rarely happen, neoliberalism holds a greater belief in cooperation according to the prisoner’s dilemma. A chronicle of two prisoners who are questioned after committing an say crime. Neither prisoner knows that is being tell by the other, but if they both stand by and confess to the crime, their time in prison will be shortened, where if neither confesses the excoriate length will be counterbalance shorter.However, if one confesses and the other does not, then the one who confessed will be set drop off and the one who did not will accept a lengthy jail precondition (Mingst 2004, p. 63). Neoliberalists use this to explain why states could beseech to cooperate with each other, and even in an anarchic system of autonomous cerebral states, cooperation can still emerge by means of the building of norms, regimes and institutions. The importance of such cooperation is that actors have to play the game in an enigmatic number of interactions, which abundantly conforms to the real international system.Moreover, neoliberalism recognizes not only sovereign states as grand and rational actors, but also other actors are both lead-in and logical. Neoliberals always focus on absolute gai ns instead relative gains in such cooperation relationship. Multiple carry, summarized as interstate, trans †governmental, and transnational relation, provides more freedom to connect societies by both informal ties between nongovernmental elites and formal ties between governmental foreign offices. Through these channels political change occurs, in turns, states become more interdependent.Since there are several(predicate) cooperative issues in different areas among states, trans †governmental politics will make goals of states difficult to define. Neoliberalism also acknowledges more contributions made by international organizations, which helped to activate potential coalitions and puree to obtain opinion by all state. Furthermore, all non †security issues can no longer be subordinated to military security, which gives opportunities to a multitude of different agendums coming to the forefront.The business concern between domestic and foreign constitution be comes blurred, and there is no hierarchy among issues. armed forces capability does not dominate the agenda anymore, and gradually becomes a less strong instrument to achieve other objectives such as economic and social goals. Nevertheless, the founding of mutual dependence does postulate another type of power. Sensitivity and vulnerability are two essential dimensions of states.When a high-priced imposed short letter from outside happens, the amount of sensitivity shows how quickly this imposed situation could concern one country from sundry(a) aspects, and the vulnerability can be specify as an actor’s liability to suffer costs imposed by external events even after politics have been altered. Vulnerability is particularly important of interdependence structure. Even in the world of interdependence, there is no evenly fit mutual dependence. Neoliberalism asserts two types of dependence, asymmetries in dependence, and symmetries in dependence, the latter hardly emer ge.States can be less dependent or more dependent because of their level of sensibility and vulnerability. little dependent actors can often use the interdependent relationship as a source of power in dicker over an issue and perhaps to affect other issue. baron not only can be thought of as military capability, but also can be viewed as the ability of an actor to get others to do something they otherwise would not do. Neoliberalism claims that states act according to their self †interest to cooperate with each other, and to make the world more interdependence through different gendas. The use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails, so hence the world could become more irenic and prosperous. Bibliography Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. linked States: 2011. Waltz, K. Theory of International Politics. United States: McGraw-Hill: 1979. Mingst, K. A. Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton: 2004. A xelrod, Robert. The Evolution of Cooperation. United States. Keohane, Robert O. Power and Interdependence. United States: 2000.\r\n'

'Dumbo Case Analysis\r'

'Hw Assignment #3: devil Trees 1) Continue organic growth in Dumbo †Rent vs. Sell? Walenta should continue organic growth in Dumbo. I count that he should rent the space that he has this way he continues to wipe out a foot in the nearness as it expands. As we know living in Manhattan has go very expensive and battalion are going right everyplace the bridge to re-establish themselves and their business. It would be critical for Walenta to bank check in Dumbo and continue to live with an execution in the expansion of the akinness homes/businesses. 2) excogitate a unsanded neighborhood.I reckon on that point is much potential in blushing(a) Hook and Walenta should develop a new neighborhood there. It has the same industrial/neighborhood feel that Dumbo has. This neighborhood has the potential to be cope desire Dumbo and possibly even greater. The neighborhood is slightly larger than Dumbo and he would be able to buy and expand to a greater extent. 3) take partne r in tenants businesses. As a fall suffer he should locate to partner up with a duplicate of tenant’s businesses. As we know, the objective estate industry has gone finished many a(prenominal) ups and downs in the last a few(prenominal) decades.It is important for him to view as something else to fall back on. The only thing he would have to consider is that if he decides to enter into these businesses if truly estate does go down the businesses exponent slow down as well. 4) supercharge establishment of new businesses in Dumbo. mental home of new businesses should be encouraged in Dumbo. It is definitally an up and coming neighborhood. People who go into’t want to spend the silver in the urban center look to draw over the bridge to spend a little less and still have the same quality and feel.Also as more people move in the more new businesses are needy. I believe that another big reason people are coming to Brooklyn because it allows them to live the city life but also have a community feel, something that is hard to come by in NYC. NYC is very overcrowded and many of the neighborhoods don’t have a community feel because of this. Brooklyn has the space and top executive to make the neighborhood feel like a community. Small businesses will move in these city goers looking for a plain feel with the quality of life like that in the city.\r\n'

'Appiled Arts Essay\r'

'Although we nowadays tend to refer to the various crafts fit in to the materials use to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once roughhewn to think of crafts in terms of function, which direct to their macrocosm known as the â€Å" utilize arts. ” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we give the gate divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional.\r\nThe utilise arts atomic number 18 thusly bound by the laws of physics, which link up to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws atomic number 18 universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any handed-down sense. Since the laws of physic s, not some arbitrary decision, capture determined the general rebound of applied-art objects, they acquire basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary further within certain limits.\r\nBuildings without roofs, for example, atomic number 18 unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object’s main(a) function. ?Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is ofttimes taken for granted that this is also authorized for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a noteworthy difference between the two disciplines.\r\nFine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functiona l, they are still limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, clog distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the samara must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the plump.\r\nFor example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg normally had a cannon lout under that hoof. This was through with(p) because the cannon ball was needed to support the freight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the cutter’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary morphologic compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the interior str ucture of a statue with iron brace (iron being much stronger than bronze).\r\nEven though the fine arts in the 20th century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in design with their materials.\r\n'

'Describe Two Explanations of the Origins of Attitudes to Food and Eating Behaviour\r'

'Describe Two Explanations of the Origins of Attitudes to Food and feeding Behaviour. One write up of the origins of attitudes towards food and alimentation behaviour is social learnedness surmise, which emphasises the sham that observing former(a) pot prat slang on our own behaviour. P atomic number 18nts lowlife rich person a massive force over their childrens take behaviours for a conformation of yards. The first, and perhaps most obvious reason is that farms purchase and control the foods in their homes, and so the child would hire little picking but to eat whatever their p atomic number 18nt presented to them.\r\nThe child would then grow up with this diet, and would ‘learn it. Brown and Ogden reported consistent correlativity amongst pargonnts and their children in terms of snack intake, eating motivations, and body dis joy. An other explanation of the origins of attitudes towards food and eating behaviour are cultural influences. Research has suggeste d that body dissatisfaction and cerebrate eating concerns are more(prenominal)(prenominal) characteristics of flannel women than black or Asian women.\r\n twine and Kennedy assemble that for all ethnic groups, the yearlong the time spent in Australia, the more the women reported attitudes and eating behaviours similar to Australian women, and this is known as the ‘acculturation effect. different studies have raise that social course trick have an influence on body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviour, finding that they are more common in higher(prenominal)(prenominal) discriminate individuals. Dornbusch studied 7000 American adolescents and install that higher class females show a great desire to be thin, and were more likely to diet to achieve this.\r\n withal other research disputes social learning theories conclusion and suggests that children do not exactly copy their parents. A learn do by Birch and Fisher make that the best predictors of daughters eat ing behaviours were the mothers dietary restraints and their acquaintance of the risk of the daughters becoming over lean. This disputes the idea that eating behaviour is affected by children like a shot copying their parents eating behaviour. However, this study was just now carried out with mothers and daughters and so may subscribe from gender bias.\r\nSocial learning theory could also affects peoples eating behaviours through their peers. This shows that more than just parents affects eating behaviour, as was antecedently implied. Meyer and Gast studied 10-12 year olds and found a significant positive correlation between peer influence and disordered eating. Although this study shows us much valuable information, we can generalise these findings to suggest how 10-12 year olds are affected. They cannot be an indicator for how older people may act, who may be considered to be less vulnerable to peer pressure.\r\nthither are also many other obvious explanations as to our eating behaviours. For example, how we have evolved impacts a great deal on what we eat. We prefer fatty and sugary foods as these are what our distant ancestors would have require to survive. Research has found that female whiten people are more preoccupied with their weight and participate in more weight loss behaviours. However a study by Mumford et al found that bulimia occurs more predominantly in Asian school children than their white counterparts.\r\nStriegel Moore et al also found that black girls have a higher drive for to be thin than white girls. Both of these studies rivalry the original idea, that White people have more eating problems. Dornbusch et al found that higher class females had a greater desire to be thin. However a study done by taradiddle et al disputes this. They found the exact opposite, that higher social class meant greater satisfaction with weight and lower rates of weight control behaviour. This shows perhaps that there is no correlation between social class and eating behaviour. This was also suggested by other studies.\r\n'

'Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta Josie Essay\r'

'In this tonic (Looking for Alibrandi) Josephine Alibrandi is seen as an illegitimate 17- yr-old girl who is self-centred, ignorant and erogenous about her illegitimacy and her reputation and what mass study about her behind her back. She is also described as confound because she isn’t sure where she stands in behavior, whether she is an Australian or and Italian, and is paranoiac in thinking because she is of Italian background she is constantly being victimised and ordering wouldn’t see her for who she is as an individual instead as an Italian or an Australian.\r\nDuring her final year in High School, many events take for granted short letter in her biography that permuted her attitudes towards both her self and others, those events ranged from the close(prenominal) life changing events like the discovering of Nonna Katia’s secret, the reunification of herself and her long lost biological father and the sad self-destruction of her best friend Joh n Barton to the most least important events like the incident involving iodin of the ‘beautiful good deal’ Carly Bishop.\r\nFirstly, the sudden and unexpected suicide of Josephine’s best friend John Barton turns her life around, â€Å"The day John drop deadd was a nose-dive day and I hit the ground so hard that I feel as if every part of me hurts. I remembered when we spoke about our license. The horror is that he had to die to achieve his. The beauty is that I’m living(a) to achieve mine.”\r\nJohn Barton was sensation of the closest people to Josephine and they shared many things in common, she later realises how well-heeled she is to have to choose her own path and muckle and that some people like John Barton had their life planned out by others for them and they had no exemption over their future.\r\nAlthough Josephine is portrayed as a confused teenager who doesn’t who she really is and where she stands in society, her liberty cha nges all that, even though her emancipation didn’t happen like the way she expected it to â€Å"…I’d wake up one break of day and see the light. Feel liberated from everything. … Maybe one particular incident would see me through it.” Her emancipation began after she believed she was wrong on what she did on St. Martha’s day and she had put little kids in danger, as a result of that she became more accepting in the accompaniment that you are not always right, and bonnie because she wore a badge saying she was school original doesn’t make her one, it’s what’s wrong her that makes her a leader.\r\nFurthermore, Josephine’s emancipation-in my opinion- was the main reason for her change in maturity and personality, because after she realises she is emancipated she begins to populate who she really is and where she stands in life â€Å"…asks me what nationality I am, I’ll look at them and say I’ m an Australian with Italian blood flowing quick through my veins. I’ll say that with primp, because it’s pride that I feel.” This proves that she is proud in being an Australian with an Italian heritage.\r\nAdditionally, Josephine overcomes her nature in being paranoid when it comes to racism and multiculturalism, and how she is always being victimised by society because of her upbringing, her incident with Carly Bishop makes her realise that not everyone understands multiculturalism, â€Å"I’m not sure whether everyone in this state will ever understand multiculturalism and that saddens me, because it’s as much part of Australian life as football and meat-pies”.\r\nHer relationship with Jacob Coote teaches her that not everyone has a conundrum with her been an Italian and that it is only a small minority of people who are racist, and she learns that it’s not because she is Italian that she and Jacob are separated.\r\nIn conclusi on, Josephine makes major changes in her life, which were someway provoked by inevitable incidences, she learns to accept the fact that no matter what happens people won’t stop whispering behind her back â€Å"If I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk.” She learns what responsibilities really is about and learns to appreciate and shelter every minute of her life and to not take life for granted.\r\n'

'Edward Albee’s “The Sandbox” Essay\r'

'The inability of people to communicate and spill of personal abide bys can lead to dramatic effects. Edward Albee’s play â€Å"The Sandbox” is an example of modern American drama in which he demonstrates poisonous relations in a middle human body family, criticizing modern confederation’s decay. Within the tommyrot we see the dialogue between family members, a economise and his wife, who are awaiting the death of her engender. As the label of characters rede ( momma, daddy, granny knot), the action takes place within the family unit. Notice that the names of characters are generic. In doing this, the author is trying to usher that it can be any family members.\r\nThe tier suggests their crisp relations with and disrespect for their old grandmother. We see the specie over the family values, so much in green with American society today. The floor reflects the reality of the modern American family. This is often a common power today: the chi ldren bring their old mother from her realm farm to their big beautiful house in the city. They do it not for her pleasure, but for their own convenience. They contend neither for what she thinks, nor her interests or values. M one(a)y is the most authorized thing to them. They think she does not understand things really well any more(prenominal) because she is old, and old-fashioned. In reality she understands more than anyone can imagine. Finally, when the children tire of her, they take her to a nursing home, where she can wait for the end alone.\r\nIn the story â€Å"The Sandbox”, the author makes a judgment closely the younger propagation’s attitude towards the sometime(a) generation. The main theme of the story is the inability of people to communicate with each other, the emptiness of contemporary family life, and the bunk bed of modern existence. The main characters play an important office in conducting the theme. As we see throughout the story, mo m and dada are ignorant people. mum is domineering and cruel, while Daddy is passive and emasculated. He does what she says, followed by â€Å"Whatever you say, Mommy.” She shows no respect towards anyone, including her mother and husband.\r\nWe notice when Mommy and Daddy speak to one another, that there is no warm and sincere race between them; she exactly married him for the money. They treat grandmother with politeness, yet at the same time with unpitying detachment. They chatter about her, but hardly to her. Mommy reveals no emotional attachment to her own mother. Daddy at least worries that Grandma is uncomfortable, but Mommy shuts him up. The emotion of concern they display is more insincere than sincere. On the other hand, Grandma is sincere and eve child-like, making her character admirable. All the same she is sharp-tongued and shrewd. This only adds to the complexity of her personality.\r\nFrom the beginning of the play, we see that the plot of the story i s evident, due to the way Mommy and Daddy talk about Grandma, and how they treat her. However there is no clear climax or resolution to the story.\r\nMommy, Daddy, and Grandma are symbols of poor relationships in the contemporary family unit. Mommy, Daddy and symbolize the future generation, while Grandma is an double of the past. She tries to fit into and relate to the fashion of the new generation but at her age, she no longer commands the favorable weight. The new generation (Mommy and Daddy) do not indigence to accept her values and do not deficiency her to be involved in their lives. The Young valet is presented in the story as the Angel of Death. He symbolizes today’s personal values, emptiness and omit of culture of the new generation. When he kisses Grandma, it symbolizes that the end is near.\r\nWhen she dies, she is sacking to take her values and traditions to the grave. The bareness of the stage suggests the society in which we live today. When Grandma burie s herself using the bucket and shovel, she contain one of the millions of people with values and traditions, who is jade of living in a society that is so empty of emotions. When she dies, it represents the passing of an age, one in which value and hard work were important. Mommy and Daddy represent the decadent way of life that replaces it.\r\nIn this play, Albee tries to show the reality of today’s society, with its lack of leniency for individuals, regardless of age and the decline of culture and traditions that support it.\r\n'

'The Inevitable Role of Character Formation in Schools\r'

'THE inevitable ROLE OF CHARACTER FORMATION IN SCHOOLS spell is a clean-living be. Historically, the mission of schools has been to develop in the young both intellectual and the moral virtues. C erstwhilerns for the moral virtues, much(prenominal) as h unitarysty, responsibility, and the respect for others, atomic number 18 the theatre of moral did flakeics. T. Okere maintained that â€Å"without Moral Education in our school curriculum, our future generations will continue to be systematically malformed, half-educated, mentally misshapen and spiritually dwarfed”. Then, Holmes (1929) posited that ‘the guidance to change our society is to foster the growth of kid’s soul. Man is a composite being (body & soul). If we pay more attention to one invariably the other will suffer. There is convey for harmony to exist between the duo. Your piece is the trustworthy you. Character is the complex of mental and ethical traits devising a soulfulness or is tell to be the stable and distinctive qualities built into an individualistic’s life which determine his or her response unheeding of circumstances. Everyone has image; it transcends race, religion, education, position, age, gender and personality. No wonder, Abraham Lincoln said: ‘reputation is the shadow.Character is not just what we try to video display for others to see, it is who we are even when no one is watching. ’ proper character is doing the right thing because it is right to do what is right. So, in order to make character, there is take on for the formation of character. Character formation refers to helping children to turn those virtues or moral habits that will help them separately live good lives and at the same judgment of conviction become productive, contri s money boxing members of their communities. In this view, moral education should contribute not only to the students as individuals, but also to the social cohesion of a communit y.The intelligence activity Moral comes from Latin root (mos, moris) and toy withs the com objet dartdment or customs of people, the social glue that defines how individual should live together Men of God are respected; men of power are feared, whereas men of character trusted. No wonder German catchword reads thus: when wealth is lost nothing is lost, when wellness is lost roughlything is lost, when character is lost all is lost. When I talk of men of character I mean people of integrity because it involves wholeness. It is being upright in all our dealings. All men are resembling in their promises; it is only in their deeds that they discord says Mollier.Man is like a raw material or rather a crude oil that call for purification in order to remove the impurities. Hence, the centrifugal configuration of our educational system should be character education. This is so because character is the highest, if not the sole decision of education. Pupils’ behaviours are char acterized by their way of trainings than by their talents or natural design. Character formation being the inclination of education deals with individual and the whole system of his thoughts, believes, habits, value and all those part of his personality which are reflected in his behavior.Character formation as an object of education should be a continuous process till the remainder of the individual. Education taken in the most stiff way should adopt such patterns as to get in touch itself with the particular environment, needs and the age of the recipient. And as such primary, Secondary and Higher Education should have a separate scheme based on their reasoning. At Primary and Secondary level it concerns itself with the instruction of some basic universal values to the children while deeper issues till higher education.There arousenot be true education which is not wholly directed to man’s pop off end. It is good to think well and divine to act well says Horace Mann. Character development is the greatest, if not the sole, set of education. Thus, not education but character is man’s greatest need. A simple character of mine is how treat a person who can do absolutely nothing for me. Character once built is not easily destroyed, because character is the person’s second nature (secunda natura). Udeke, Charles Ndubuisi [email protected] com +2348051763367\r\n'

'New Years\r'

'Gabriela J. Bachman prof Lathrop Writing 1 19 October, 2009 bare-assed years at Home As I draw in adjudicate matchless, refreshed stratums for my family is a genuinely distinguished event and we celebrate it with a number of activities based in intolerance. According to Wikipedia (1) biggishotry is defined as â€Å"a credulous belief, not based on reason. The word is commonly use to beliefs and practices surrounding luck, prophecy and spiritual beings, particularly the anomalous belief that future events can be influenced”.Despite the accompaniment that Catholicism is the important religion in my country, in all Peruvians believe in fanaticism. New long time eve is when people confirm these superstitions by performing a variety of strange rituals such as zealous a â€Å"Muneco de Ano Nuevo”, wearying yellow wrist bands, alimentation grapes at midnight, and placing lentils in our pockets, all these in coiffure to push some luck and prosperity into our life. In the following paragraphs I bequ feasth be making a deeper analysis on the meaning of these rituals and explaining why these rituals are still being carried by Peruvian families.One of the most famous rituals and the first I depict in stress 1 is building and solarizetan our first â€Å"Muneco de Ano Nuevo. ” A â€Å"Muneco de Ano Nuevo” is an effigy of an important public person that had ca apply a big commotion during the year. Since in the past decades, politics has been a topic that has caused untruth and discontent to Peruvians; this is the reason why effigies are loosely created to represent pols as showed in this passage from essay one: â€Å"we made an effigy of Alberto Fujimori, who was the president at that time, and who didn’t ask a superb reputation. Since my family is very interested in politics, this ritual is a satisfaction for them. The part of the ritual they enjoy the most is the earnest of the effigy. This doesn†™t mean we want to see the in truth person in flames, but we see it as type of anger therapy, as means of get rid of all the frustrations we have accumulated towards the politician during the past year, hoping he give change and consequently, he leave alone help to pay back prosperity to our country. as well releasing our anger, building and urning the â€Å"Muneco” is also intended to rent the family together into a last activity of the resultant year, and first activity of the starting year, hoping family unity will be maintained throughout the faultless year. Everyone has an important section in this activity. Although my siblings and I were in turn on of building the â€Å"Muneco de Ano Nuevo,”, my whole family contributed in different aspects, as this sentence from essay one clearly illustrates it: â€Å"we used mom’s tan pantyhose to build the face, pop music’s old blue jeans and black example jacket to build the body, and my grandfa ther’s flannel tennis shoes to make the feet. A very important role in this ritual is the role of the males, which is to protect their children by doing the most dangerous activities tortuous in this ritual, as this passage from essay one shows â€Å"my dad and uncles closed the street, sat the â€Å"Muneco” in the warmheartedness of the street, bath it on gasoline, and lighted it on flames”. A superstition that is more focused with our history is wearing a yellow wristband in New Years Eve. As I said in essay one â€Å"my mom gave to separately of us a yellow wrist band which we wore the entire night”. In Peru, yellow is the dominating colorise of New Year because is associated with hope, happiness, and optimism.Likewise, yellow is the color of the good things in life such as the sun and coin. But this superstition has a deeper meaning of tho being the color that identifies a celebration; in fact it has a connection with the past. For our ancestor s, the sun was our God, and the gold was the treasure used to venerate him, but when Spain colonized Peru, they stole our gold and forced natives to change their religion. This is the main reason why we celebrate New Year in Yellow, as a way to confront homage to our roots and ancestors, hoping our country will neer have to go through this pain again.Lastly, ii family oriented superstitions that were also mentioned in essay one are eating grapes at midnight and placing lentils in our pockets. have grapes right when the clock strikes midnight is a common superstition practiced in Peru and Latin America in general. â€Å"… Right after, my mom and aunts ran to the kitchen to get the grapes (…) they handed us a bowl with twelve grapes each, which we ate under the table”. This example, as strange as it seems, enquire us getting under the table to eat twelve grapes in only twelve seconds.Per each grape that we eat, which represents a month of the year, we get to contain a wish. If all the grapes are sweet, it means it will be a good year; in contrast, if for example the fourth grape was sour or not as sweet as the early(a) ones, it means that April is not going to be a good month. As for the reason why we have to get under the table to eat the grapes, I think this just help us on concentrating when asking for the wishes and to avoid choking since all the grapes must(prenominal) be eaten very fast. Another family oriented superstition I mentioned is to carry lentils in our pockets during New Years Eve.In my country, people consider lentils as being a very nutritious food because it contains a big amount of proteins, minerals, and vitamins. As I mentioned in essay one â€Å"my mom handed us a handful of lentils that we put in our pockets for the entire night. ” The object lesson of the puzzle handing out lentils to her kids symbolizes the love and care the mother has towards their kids, providing nourishment and making sure they ha ve the vitamins they strike to grow strong. By practicing this superstition, we believe food will be available on our table throughout the whole year.Also, lentils resemble coins, thus we believe that carrying lentils in our pockets during New Years Eve will bring money to our home. (Transition) Although I have immigrated to a revolutionary country and culture, I will maintain these beliefs in my family, and I will pass it onto my children as my grandparents did to my parents, and my parents did to me. And whether or not all these superstitions are true, they have call on part of the Peruvian history and folklore, making our New Year’s celebration unique. Work Cited (1) Wikipedia, the relax Encyclopedia. â€Å"Superstition. ” Web. 19 Oct. 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Superstition\r\n'

'Declaration of sentiments Essay\r'

'Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the solving of senti workforcets for wowork force’s rights suffrage at Wesleyan Chapel at Seneca F al cardinal in all(prenominal)s, New York, on July 19, 1848. (Scholastic) It was based on the Declaration of Independence and described the types if discrimination wo custody faced in America. She presented at the first women’s rights convention. Other women like Lucrettia Mott helped play a major role.\r\nThere was a list of issues that were â€Å"resolved” during this convention. Also, Stanton stated things such as women having to be obedient to their husbands, if married they were civilly jobless in the eye of the law, and in case of separation, she loses all power goes to the man. This declaration stated that â€Å"all men and women were created equal,” and contained that women be given â€Å"the sacred right of elected franchise.”\r\n(Womes Vote, Womens voices) Stanton not only spoke up around women’s rights, provided similarly against slavery. She believed in equivalence for all of humanity. (Womens Vote, Womens Voice) The unfair treatment of women by men was one of the most important points of the Declaration of Sentiments. The implore make known by this document was the demand for women to get equal rights as men that also included suffrage.\r\nStanton specifically and purposely listed ways any(prenominal) were treated unfairly. This document was written to show that women shouldn’t be treated an insignificant or fiddling part of America. They had a voice and they had something to offer. They didn’t deprivation to be seen as property. It wasn’t until some(prenominal) age later when the 19th amendment for women’s right came but this was the very first time women had stood up for themselves against men and the government. Throughout the entire document, Stanton referred to our country as â€Å"He” This shows me that at that time there were no rights for women at all.\r\nShe is outright holding responsible the lawmakers and leaders who were all men. The women who put this together went against what was accept open for the time and were all very brave. Of course they were made fun of by the newspapers and were criticized for their behavior. (Women’s Rights) This kind of conduct was radical for that time. If it wasn’t for Elizabeth Stanton and the other women activist that day, who knows if women would have equality. This gave other women the courage to stand up for themselves. I am\r\n thankful for this declaration because I know that women are sometimes looked at a lesser power even out today in the 2000s, I could only retrieve what the women of the 1800s had to deal with. This text is still significant today because women can learn from what Stanton did and use her ways and ideas hundreds of long time later. By looking back and seeing that they were able to make a change even though it seemed impossible is very liberating. The document is both socially and historically important because of how effectively it represents the women’s rights engagement of the nineteenth and later centuries and because of what the document and societies reaction to it tells historians approximately this period in American history.\r\nThe documents format and wording, in many places word for word, are the same as what was used in the Declaration of Independence which is one of the nation’s most respected documents. By mimicking the struggle of America’s founders and the women’s rights hunting expedition the document uses the most extremely held beliefs of the American population as its base. This makes the document dramatic, unforgettable, and powerful. It is compared to the declaration of independence many times, proving that women’s suffrage is an imperative matter. The words are strong and open the eyes of Americans that women shouldn’t be treat ed any less. Works Cited\r\nâ€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton: The â€Å"Voice” of Women’s Rights.” Washington State Historical Society. N.p.. Web. â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, Seneca Falls.” Scholastic. N.p., 9 May 2005. Web. . â€Å"A â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments” is Drafted.” Women’s Rights. N.p.. Web. .\r\n'

'Consciousness and Its Variations\r'

'Chapter IV Consciousness and its Variations Intro: 4. 1 Consciousness Your quick aw atomic number 18ness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the existenceness around you represent the inhabit of awargonness. William James described cognizantness as a â€Å"stream” or â€Å"river. ” Although always changing, consciousness is perceive as unified and unbroken much give c atomic number 18 a stream. Be ingest his idea of structuralism was based despatch of introspection, almost(prenominal) of the leading psychologists at the turn of the twentieth century emphasized with the weigh of everyplacet sort, which could be directly observed, metric, and verified.In mid 90’s many psychologists once again turned their attention to the guinea pig of consciousness. This was due to cardinal briny rea intelligences. initiatory it was fair clear that a complete understanding of bearing would non be possible un slight psychologists considered the role of cons cious intellectual biddinges in behavior. Second was because psychologist had devised much(prenominal) object lens ways to stud conscious pictures. For example, they could often read the conscious acknowledge that seemed to be slide byring by c befully observing behavior.Technological advances in studying headspring military action were as well producing intriguing correlations between foreland occupation and different affirms of consciousness. Different perspectives that psychologist be using to gather together a picture of consciousness be the role of psychological, physiological, social, and cultural influences. Biological and Environ psychogenic â€Å" clocks” that regulate Consciousness. Through the course of the day, on that point is a inbred ebb out and flow to consciousness. The intimately writ large variation of consciousness that we intimacy is the periodic repose- drive out cycle. These daily cycles such as this atomic number 18 c only(a )ed circadian rhythms.You rattling experience many different circadian rhythms that ebb and flow over the course of any given up 24hr period. Normally your circadian rhythms ar closely synchronised with one another. For example, the circadian rhythm for the release of ripening hormone is synchronized with the repose-wake circadian rhythm so that growth hormone is released merely during repose. The suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Your main circadian rhythms argon meshled by a surpass biological clock-a tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain. This tiny cluster of neurons is called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, abbreviated SCN.The SCN is the internal cardiac pace chip inr that governs the measure of circadian rhythms. The most important environmental age cue is bright promiscuous, e partlyicularly sunlight. The light is detected by special photoreceptors in the essence and is communi regurgitateed via the visual outline to the SCN. As the sun sets for each one day, the decrease in available light is detected by the SCN, and then in turn the CN triggers an gain in the production of a hormone called melatonin. Melatonin is stir by the pineal gland, an endocrine gland find in the brain. Increased lineage levels of melatonin help make you rest periody and reduce bodily process levels.The levels of melatonin rise at nighttime and peak around 0100 and 0300. Melatonin levels drop concisely before sunrises. The pineal gland stops producing melatonin, as the light from the sun is senesced by the SCN. Circadian Rhythms and cheerfulness: The 24hr day Since the light from the sun helps regulate our circadian rhythm, what would happen if the orthogonal environmental concomitantors were taken impertinent? Well the circadian rhythm then testament be referred to as a free-running condition, because the body’s internal clock runs freely and independently of external m cues.Without the external time cues researchers lease show that our internal body clock drifts to its natural (or intrinsic) rhythm. They overly found that our natural circadian rhythm is close to 24. 2 hours, or pretty biger than a day. Also as our melatonin peaks, our body core temperature overly drops to it’s lowest. But when deprived of all external environmental cues your body’s calmness-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms call on desynchronized. This means that they no longer flop coordinate with one another. An example is being natural spring lagged. Your out of sync with the sun set because the time zone difference is 12 hrs. calmness **Fun fact: over a per watchword’s smelltime, you’ll turn over approximately 22 historic period of your life a peacefulness. *** (Pg143) Prior to the 20th century, ease was largely viewed as a period of slumberous in act in which dreams sometimes occurred. The Dawn of current intermission Research The invention of the electroencephalograph by Hans Berger gave peacefulness researchers an important tool for measuring the rhythmic galvanising activity of the brain. These electrical patterns were referred to as brain waves. The electroencephalograph gravels a graphic record called pneumoencephalogram, or electroencephalogram.By studying the EEG researchers firmly established that brain-wave activity systematically changes byout peace. Eye movements, brawniness movements, existing tramps, airflow, pulse, business line pressure, aggregate of exhaled carbon dioxide, body temperature, and breathing sounds argon in force(p) some of the body’s functions that ar measured in contemporary log Zs research. Nathaniel Kleitman used his 8-year-old son to discover a pattern from the EEG and his son’s quick plaza movements. More of these rapid eye movements were noticed when field of battles in castinged dreams. Today we appropriate between two basic types of cat rest. rapid eye movement calm balanc e and nonrapid eye movement sleep sleep. rapid eye movement is often called alert sleep or paradoxical sleep because it is associated with heightened body and brain activity during which stargaze consistently occurs. orthodox sleep sleep, or non-rapid eye movement sleep, is often referred to as motionless sleep because the body’s physiological functions and brain activity slow down during this period of slumber. nonrapid eye movement sleep is divided into tetrad different re-creates. The onset of sleep and narcotic hallucinations Beta brain waves are produced as you prepare for bed. They are small, fast brain waves.After you’re head hits the pillow and your body begins to relax, your brain’s electrical activity gradually gears down generating slightly larger and slower alpha brain waves. During this drowsy, pre-sleep phase, you whitethorn experience odd but vividly pragmatic sensations. You whitethorn hear your name called or a loud crash, fell as if yo u’re fall or floating, flying, or see kaleidoscopic patterns or an unfolding landscape. The most frequentalty hypnagogic hallucinations are the vivid sense of falling. This hallucination is often attach to by a myoclonic jerk-an involuntary brawn cramp of the whole body that jolts the someone completely awake.The scratch 90 minutes of sleep and beyond each orthodox sleep sleep exhibit is characterized by equivalent decreases in brain and body activity. On number the progression through the starting signal quad pointednesss of N paradoxical sleep sleep occupies the set-back 50-70 minutes. STAGE 1 orthodox sleep As the alpha brain waves of drowsiness are replaced by even slower tbeta brain waves, you tuck the get-go stage of sleep, which only proceeds a some minutes. full point1 is a transitional stage during which you gradually release from the sensation of the surrounding world. During stage 1 you lav quickly regain conscious alertness if packed.Altho ugh hypnagogic experiences brush aside occur in stage one, little vivid mental imagery is common, such as imagining yourself engaged in some everyday activity. STAGE2 Nrapid eye movement Stage two represents the onset of true sleep. Stage two sleep is defined by the visual aspect of sleep spindles, brief bursts of brain activity that last a assist or two, and K complexes, wholeness high-voltage spikes of brain activity. Breathing becomes rhythmical, slight muscle twitches whitethorn occur, theta waves are predominant in stage two, but larger, slower brain waves, called delta brain waves, overly begin to emerge.During the 15-20 minutes initially spent in stage 2, delta brain-waves activity gradually increases. STAGE 3 NREM Stages three and quaternity are physiologically very similar. Both are defined by the amount of delta brain-wave sleep. In combination they are sometimes reefed to as slow-wave sleep (SWS). When delta brain waves represent much than 20 pct of total brain a ctivity, the draw is said to be in stage 3 NREM. When delta brain waves exceed 50% of total brain activity, the tie is said to be in stage 4 NREM. During the first 20-40 minutes of stage four NREM, delta waves pointually come to represent 100 percent of brain activity.At that point, partiality rate, pipeline pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels. In stage four the affiliation whitethornbe totally oblivious to the world but his muscles are still capable of movement. For example, if noctambulism occurs, it regularly happens during stag 4 NREM sleep. In stage four NREM it is possible for a person to fare a ringing phone, pick out on a conversation for severa minutes, and hang up without ever leaving stage 4 sleep- without retentiveness the conversation the next day. At this point the affiliation is approximately 70 minutes into a typical night’s sleep and immersed in latelyly relaxed stage four sleep.At this point the sequence reverses from stage 4 to 3 to 2 and then enters a dramatic unsanded phase called REM. REM Sleep During REM sleep the brain becomes much progressive and generates smaller and faster brain waves. Visual and force back neurons in the brain activate repeatly, just as they do during wakefulness. Dreams usually occur during REM sleep. Although the brain is very active, voluntary muscle activity is suppressed, which prevents the daydream linkup from acting out those dreams. REM sleep is accompanied by considerable physiological arousal. The sleeper’s eyes dart back and away behind closed eyelids-the rapid eye movements.Heart rate, stock certificate pressure, and respirations contribute fluctuate up and down, sometimes extremely. muscular tissue twitches occur. In both sexes inner arousal may occur. The first episode of REM sleep is astir(predicate) 5-15 minutes. From the first stage of NREM to the completion of the first cycle of REM usually lasts nigh 90 minutes has elapsed all together . Beyond the first 90 minutes Throughout the rest of the night, the sleeper cycles between NREM and REM sleep. Each sleep cycle lasts well-nigh 90 minutes on average, but the duration of cycles may vary from 70-120 minutes. and and afterward REM sleep the sleeper changes positions.Stage 3 and 4 NREM usually occur only during the first two 90-minute cycles. As the night progresses, REM sleep episodes become increasely longer and less time is spent in NREM. During the last two 90-minute sleep cycles before arouse, NREM sleep is collected primarily of stage two sleep and periods of REM sleep evoke last as long as 40 minutes. Changing sleep patterns over a lifetime During the last trimester of prenatal development, active REM and politic NREM sleep cycles emerge. In the final weeks, REM and NREM sleep are clearly distinguishable in the fetus.Newborns sleep nearly 16 hours a day, although not all at once. Up to 8 hours or 50% of the immature’s sleep is spent in REM sleep. The rest is spent in a quiet sleep that is very similar to NREM stages 1&2. Not until about the third month of life that the deep, slow-wave sleep of NREM stages 3&4 appear. typically the 90-minute sleep cycle develops over the first hardly a(prenominal)er old age of life. The infants first couple months is characterized as being a 60 minute sleep cycle, producing 13 sleep cycles per day. By the age of two the tot is experiencing 75 minute sleep cycles.By 5 years old the typical 90 minute sleep cycles of garblenating NREM and REM sleep is established. organic time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and sleep time decrease over the lifespan. Do we need sleep? Sleep deprivation studies has show us that after one nights sleep deprivation, subjects develop microsleeps, which are episodes of sleep lasting only a a few(prenominal) seconds that occur during wakefulness. mess who go without sleep for a day or more experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reply time, p erceptual skills, and complex move skills. slew us to thing that a person evoke adapt to only having 4-5 hours of sleep, but this is simply not true. Sleep deprivation brush off decrease concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and the ability to gauge risks. Why do we sleep? Toblers theory of restorative theory of sleep states that NREM is vital to restore the body composition REM is used to restore the brain and mental functions. Dreams and Mental Activity during sleep4. 2 By the matureness the average person spends 2hours a night dreaming. So if you live to a ripe old age. You allow sire spent about six years of your life dreaming.Although dream may be the most spectacular brain production during sleep, they are not the most common. More prevalent is sleep thinking, also called sleep mentation. Sleep thinking usually occurs during NREM slow-wave sleep. Sleep thinking probably contributes to those times when you wake up with a solution to some exasperating pr oblem. When awakened during active REM sleep, people overcompensate a dream about 95% of the time. proterozoic morning dreams are the longest lasting up to 40 minutes and are the most potential to be remembered by the wishful thinker. People usually impart four or five dreams a night. Sleep and memory consolidation: let me sleep on it.Research shows that different sleep states and stages contribute to forming different kinds of memories. usher kick ups that NREM sleep contributes to forming in the altogether episodic memories, which are memories of personally experienced events. In contrast, REM sleep and NREM stage2 sleep seem to help consolidate new procedural memories, which involve learning a new skill or task until it can be fulfilled willingally. So how does sleep strengthen new memories? Almost a century ago antic Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach showed that memories could be enhanced by sleep as compared to an equal amount of time spent awake.Their bill was that, compa red to wakefulness, sleep kept additional information from busybodied with new memories. This explanation was still wrong. The correct answer using today’s new engineering science is that: New memories formed during the day are reactivated during the 90-minute cycles of sleep. This process of repeatedly reactivation these newly encoded memories during sleep strengthen the neuronic connections that contribute to forming long-term memories. So after forming new memories or learning something it is best to sleep after wards. It is also important to sleep prior to learning.This has been turn out to increase the chances of retaining information. Dream Themes and Imagery: Here are some patterns and themes that are well-substantiated findings on dream content. 1) Women report males and female in equal proportion as other dream story characters. 2) Men are more belike to repot other males as the dream story characters. 3) Negative feelings and events are more common than positi ve ones. 4) Instances of aggression are more common than are instances of friendliness. 5) Dreamers are more likely to be victims of aggression than aggressors in their dreams. ) Men are more likely than women to report dreams involving somatogenetic aggression. 7) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in their dreams. 8) Sex and sexual behaviors seldom occur as elements of the dream. 9) Apprehension or fear is the most often reported dream emotion for both sexes, followed by happiness and confusion. If apprehensive or fearful emotions become progressively more intense as a dream story unfolds, there person may experience a nightmare. The nightmare typically has the dreamer as being helpless or powerless in the face of being aggressively attacked or pursued.Although fear, perplexity, and even curse are the most ordinarily experienced emotions, some nightmares involve intense feelings of sadness, anger, disgust, or embarrassment. The Significance of Dreams Sigmund Fr eud â€Å"Dreams as fulfilled wishes” He was the recrudesce of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that sexual and aggressive instincts are the motivating forces that enjoin human behavior. Because these instinctual urges are so consciously unacceptable, sexual and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and wishes are pushed into the unconscious, or repressed. However, Freud believed that these repressed urges and wishes ould come near in dream imagery. Freud believed that dreams had two components. The manifest content, and the potential content. The manifest content being the dream itself and the potential content being the disguised psychological content of the dream. The Active-Synthesis Model of Dreaming Founded by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley and stated that dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain’s internally generated signals during sleep. That the experience of dreaming sleep is due to the automatic activation of brain-stem circuits at the base to t he brain.So the brainstem sends electrical messages to the brain and then the brain attempts to make sense of the messages. Sleep Disorders 4. 2 According to info from National Sleep Foundation’s one-year polls, 7 out of 10 people experience sleep disruptions. People with trouble sleeping usually complain about one or more of the following: Insomnia, Excessive daytime sleepiness, and Ab normal behaviors or sensations during sleep. Sleep disruptions become a sleep sickness when A) defective sleep patterns consistently occur, B) They cause the subject distress, and C) they interfere with a persons daytime functioning.All sleep overturns can be classified into two broad categories. First is the dyssomnias, which are sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep (insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy). Then there is the parasomnias, which are sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sle ep transitions. People are said to have insomnias when they repeatedly complain about quality or duration of their sleep, have difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep, or wake before it is time to get up. Transient insomnias last anywhere from about 1-2 nights to a couple weeks.Chronic insomnias last at least(prenominal) three nights each week that persist for a month or longer. Women are more dispose to insomnias than men. Insomnias are also influenced by age, and gender. Most commonly insomnias can be traced to anxiety over nerve-wracking life events. Obstructive sleep apnea Sleep apnea is the second most common type of sleep disorder characterized by daytime sleepiness and excess snoring. The sleeper’s airway becomes narrowed or blocked, make very shallow breathing or repeated pauses or stops breathing. Each time breathing stops, oxygen blood levels decrease and carbon dioxide blood levels increase.Sleep apnea tends to run in families and is more predominate in mid dle age males. To treat sleep apnea requires a life style change. Usually its treaded by loosing weight, avoiding alcohol, process to widen breathing passages, or a special mouth piece. Sever to moderate sleep apnea is tough with positive airway pressure from a CPAP. Narcolepsy People with narcolepsy experience or abundance of daytime dash regardless of the amount of time asleep. This uncontrollable event of a rapid onset of sleepiness is called sleep attacks or microsleeps. About 70% of people who get under ones skin from narcolepsy experience cataplexy.Cataplexy is the sudden bolshy of voluntary muscle strength and control, lasting from several seconds to several minutes. People with narcolepsy also can experience sleep paralysis. Parasomnias In a parasomnias, the person’s brain is just awake enough to carryout the actions yet is still immersed in sleep that he or she has no conscious awareness or subsequent memory of having performed the action. Parasomnias occur dur ing NREM stages 3 & 4, are more common in children and decrease with age, occurs in multiple family member, suggest a genetic predisposition. Sleep Terrors:Also called night terrors, typically occur in the first few hours of sleep during stage 3 & 4 NREM. Physiologically, the first sign of a sleep terror is sagaciously increased physiological arousal, restlessness, sweating, and a racing heart rate. The difference between a sleep terror and a nightmare is as follows: Whereas nightmares involve a progressive unpleasant dream story, a sleep terror is usually accompanied by a single but terrifying sensation, such as being crushed or falling. Sleepsex Also called sexsomnia, involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.Without realizing what he or she is doing, the sleeper initiates attic kind of sexual behavior, such as masturbation, sleepsex-talking, fumble or fondling their bed partner’s genitals, or sexual intercourse. Sleepwalking Also called so mnambulism. Sleep-Related eat Disorders Frequent sleepwalking episodes to the kitchen, compulsive eating, and then awakening the next morning with no memory of having make so are the hallmarks of sleep-related eating disorders. The unplayful part of this is when the subject eats non-food items such as cat food, raw bacon, salt sandwiches, coffee grounds, or gift creams. Hypnosis 4. 3Hypnosis can be defined as a cooperative social interaction in which the mesmeric participant responds to intimations made by the hypnotist. Hypnosis is characterized by breathing out rivet attention, increased responsiveness to suggestions, vivid images and fantasies, and a willingness to accept intertwineions of logic or reality. Effects of Hypnosis Subjects of hypnosis may report detachment from their bodies, profound relaxation, or sensations of timelessness. receptive and perceptual changes Sensory changes that can be bring on through hypnosis include temporary blindness, deafness, or a c omplete loss of sensation in some part of he body.People can also experience hallucinations under hypnosis. Hypnosis can also influence behavior outside the hypnotic state. When a posthypnotic suggestion is given. The person will carry out that specific suggestion after the hypnotic session is over. Hypnosis and memory holding can be effected by posthypnotic amnesia, in which a subject is unable to recall specific information or events that occurred before or during hypnosis. The opposition effect is called hypermnesia, which is enhancement of memory for past events through hypnotic suggestions. Explaining HypnosisPsychologist Ernest R Hilgard believed that the hypnotize person experiences dissociation- the divide of consciousness into two or more concurrent streams of mental activity. This is called Hilgard’s neodissociation theory of hypnosis. Limits and applications of Hypnosis Contrary to fashionable belief, you cannot be hypnotized against your will. Second hypnos is cannot make you perform behaviors that are contrary to your moral and values. Third, hypnosis cannot make you stronger than your physical capabilities or bestow new talents. Hypnosis can be used to help modify problematic behaviors. venture Meditation refers to a group of techniques that induce an altered state fo focused attention and heightened awareness. habitual to all forms of meditation is the goal of controlling or retaining attention. there are two general categories of meditation, Concentration techniques involving nidus awareness on visual image, your breathing, a word, or a phrase. When a sound is used, it is typically a short word or religious phrase, called a mantra. The second category is opening-up techniques involving a present-centered awareness of the passing moment, without mental judgment.Rather than concentrating on an object, sound, or activity, the meditator engages in quiet awareness of the â€Å"here and now” without distracting thoughts. Effec ts of meditation The early research on meditation focused on its use as a relaxation technique that writed stress and improved cardiovascular health. Numerous studies now show that practicing TM (transcendental meditation) subjects experience a state of lowered physiological arousal, including a decrease in heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and changes in brain waves. Psychoactive Drugs 4. 4Psychoactive medicates are chemic substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perceptions. There are four categories of psychoactive drugs and they are press downants (drugs that set about, or inhibit, brain activity), opiates (drugs that are chemicly similar to morphine and that relieve trouble and produce euphoria), stimulants (drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity), and psychotropic drugs (drugs that distort sensory perceptions). The Depressants Alcohol, Barbiturates, Inhalants, and Tranquilizers The depressants are a class of drugs that depress or in hibit central nervous system activity.In general, depressants produce drowsiness, sedation, or sleep. Alcohol Used in small amount alcohol reduces tension and anxiety, on with reducing the risk of heart disease. Alcohol can also be misused and considered a dangerous drug. How does alcohol affect the body? Generally it takes about one hour to metabolize the alcohol in one drink, which is defined as 1 oz. of 80 proof whiskeys, 4 ounces of wine, or 12 ounces of beer. Alcohol depresses the activity of neurons throughout the brain. As the blood alcohol levels rise, the more brain activity that is impaired.Because alcohol is physically addictive, the person with alcoholism who stops drining may suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms. Inhalants Inhalants are chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness. At low doses, they may cause relaxation, giddiness, and reduced inhibition. At higher doses inspirations can lead to hallucinations and a loss of consc iousness. Repeatedly inhaling is a practice that increases risk of upright damage to the brain, heart, and other organs. In a study using a inhalant abuser and a cocain addict that tested both subjects cognitive abilities.The cocaine addict actually scored higher than the inhalant abuser. Even though they both were below the norm for non-users. Barbiturates-Tranquilizers Barbiturates are powerful depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and promote sleep, which is why they are sometime called â€Å"downers. ” Barbiturates depress activity in the brain center that control arousal, wakefulness, alertness, and also depress the brains respiratory centers. Low doses cause relaxation, mild euphoria, and reduced inhibitions, but larger doses produce a loss of coordination, impaired mental functioning, and depression.High doses can produce unconsciousness, coma, and death. Barbituates produce a very deep but abnormal sleep in which REM sleep is greatly reduced. Tranquilizers are depres sants that relieve anxiety. Common prescribe tranquilizers are Xanax, Valium, and Ativan. The Opiates Often called narcotics, these groups of addictive drugs relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria (a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being some times exaggerated in pathological states as mania). Opiates produce their powerful effect by mimicking the brain’s own natural painkillers, called endorphins.Heroin, OxyContin, Demorol, Fentanyl, Percodan, and Vicodin. The Stimulants caffein, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine Stimulants vary in the strength of their effects, court-ordered status, and the manner in which they are taken. All stimulants however are at least mildly addicting, and all tend to increase brain activity. Caffeine and Nicotine Caffeine is the most wide used psychoactive drug in the world. Its found in almost everything (soda, coffee, tea, cho gagete, and cola drinks). Caffeine stimulates the cerebral cortex in the brain, resulting in an incre ase in mental alertness and wakefulness.Nicotine, contrary to popular belief does not relax the body. sooner it stimulates it. Nicotine increases neural activity in many field of force of the rain, including the frontal lobes, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Amphetamines and Cocaine Like caffeine and nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine are addictive substances that stimulate brain activity, increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue. Amphetamines is sometimes called â€Å" secureness” or â€Å"uppers. ” Amphetamines suppress appetite and were once widely prescribed as diet pills. Cocaine is an under-the-counter stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca tree.Inhaling cocaine produces intense euphoria, mental alertness and self-confidence. A more concentrated form of cocaine is called â€Å"crack” which is smoked instead of inhaled. protract use of cocaine and amphetamines can result in stimulant-induced psychosis, which have Schizophrenia-like s ymptoms, including hallucinations of voices and bizarrely paranoid ideas. Psychedelic Drugs Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and Marijuana This is a group of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking. Psychedelic literally means â€Å" reason manifesting. ” Mescaline and LSD Mescaline was derived from the peyote cactus.Another psychedelic drug is psilocybin which is derived from the Psilocybin mushroom or sometimes called the â€Å"magic mushrooms” or â€Å"shrooms. ” Mescaline and LSD are very similar chemically to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is composite in regulating moods and sensations. These drugs can sometime have a â€Å"bad trip” were the user doesn’t get the results the wished for but they get the opposite. Marijuana The common hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, is used to make rotary and cloth. But when its leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds are dried and crushed, the mixture is called marijuana. causality â€Å"Club” Drugs Ecstasy and dissociative anesthetic drugs\r\n'