.

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media Essay

Social Reference Groups Family Roles And Status Media Essay Nowadays, there are more and more products available in the market, often supported by advertising and strong communication. The objective of the study of consumer behaviour or more precisely the customer, is to understand how people buy and consume. This analysis is very complex because each individual is unique and versatile, so not always faithful. In addition, there are many factors you have to take into consideration and there are often uncontrollable. So the actions of buyers are quite difficult to predict. For that you have to understand: What they are What they do What they think How they decide and act According to Schiffman Kanuk, consumer behaviour is principally about the search, the purchase, the use, the evaluation and the disposal of the product and service that they assume will please they needs. Moreover they are some buyer characteristics and psychology, which influence their buyer behaviour. They are four important categories: Cultural: culture, subculture, social class Social: reference groups, family, roles and status Personal: age, life cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle, personality and self concept Psychological: motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes Here we will analyse in which way people are influenced by their psychological need, with their personal and social self-concept. But we will also see the possible influence of the symbolic consumption, the reference group influence and also the cultural group influences. First we have to understand the meaning of these words. Self concept: totality of the individuals thoughts and feelings having reference to himself as an object (Rosenberg 1979) According to Burns and Rosenberg, real self is associated with how a person apprehends herself; ideal self is associated with how a person desire to apprehend herself and finally social self is associated with how a person introduces herself to the others. There are at least two reasons: the self-esteem and self consistency (Epstein 1980) The first is associated with the penchant for the search of experiences that reinforce the self-concept. The second is the penchant for someone to act constantly with her view of herself. These two notions could be rival. Symbolic consumption: According to Levy, it is associated with the penchant of the consumer to concentrate on the meanings, apart from the real physical aspect of tangible objects. This is more a social tool who to communicate between the individual and his references (Grubb and Grathwohl, 1967). If you want that your product or brand act as an emblem it has to be culturally spread and shared (Dittmar, 1992). Reference group: A reference group is the group, which forms a comparison or a reference in their attitudes or behaviour. You can be a member or not, but anyway it has an influence, great or no on your opinions, values or attitudes. According to Hebert Hyman, it also means that you use your group as a point of reference in deciding your preferences and believes. The size can be variable, small to very large like political party or religious institution. Cultural group: Culture is what a person of a society learns from family and other important institutions. It could be some: beliefs, values or customs. (Kotler, 1996). By culture you mean societys personality as the language, laws, religions, food customs, music, artà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Culture is something you acquire. So cultural group is people who shared a same culture, and you can have three levels of subjective culture: Supranational National Group (e.g.: families, friends, shopping group) IN WHICH WAY PEOPLE ARE INFLUENCED? As we have seen before, a consumer can be influence by some factors like personal, psychological or social characteristics. First, the personal characteristics are particular to one person: Age and life cycle (according to the Royal Bank of Scotland it exists 5 life cycle stage segments: youth, getting started, builders, accumulators and preservers) Occupation, which influence the goods and services who are buying by a consumer. Economic situation (personal income, interest rates, savings) Lifestyle: activities (work, hobbies), interests (food, fashion), opinions (business, products) Personality: multi-trait approach (five-factor model), single-trait approach (consumer ethnocentrism, need for cognition, consumers need for uniqueness) Self-concept: self-image The self-concept is a multidimensional assembly (Hamm and Cunfiff, 1969; Hughes and Guerrero, 1971; Guttman, 1973) that allows people to judge them in many circumstances of social situations. :aspects_of_self_concept_002-17.gif (Hunter 2012) Broad aspects of self-concept PERSONAL SELF-CONCEPT Self-concept is often linked to the brand personality (Levy 1959, Sirgy 1982), because people usually buy a brand they think they are matching with (Dent-Read Szokolsky, 1993; Zalthman, 1997). The aim is for the consumer to fraternize with the brand. Landon (1974) thinks that people are interested in brands that fit their self-concept and personality. E.g.: Body Shop: justice and equity Brand personality, according to Jennifer Aaker is the characteristics, which are accompanied with a brand. E.g.: Pepsi is seen as young while Coca-Cola is seen as real and honest According to Kardes et al (2011), if the main goal of the marketers is to do brand awareness, then they have to cultivate a communication with real self-concept. We can take LOreal with is slogan Because Im worth it or Apple with Im a Mac or Im a PC. To the contrary if they want to change beliefs about the brand, they have to focus on ideal self-concepts. For example: US Armys slogan Be all you can be; Pateck Philippe Who will you be in the next 24 hours?) But does the brand personality really count? According to Freling, Crosno and Henard (2011) they have demonstrate in one test the effectiveness of their system based on three constituents: favourability, originality and clarity. These are directly related to the purchase decision. Attributes of products can lead to a characteristic identity for a person. For example, a teenager his with fashion jacket, which is making him self-confident, and permit to feel like a cool guy. Most of the people are carrying about some of their objects that make them what they are. And sometimes if you loose them you feel like you have lost a piece of you. We can take the example of someone who would have been robbed; very often he will have the impression of being raped. It is the same with the natural catastrophes where the people feel very depressed or are experiencing a decrease of their sense of self. Another example is in Ireland nowadays, a tradition wants that people are buried with some of their very important values objects. So we can say that the products can influence the self-concept we use and have. Russel Belk has widely contributed to the development of the extended self-notion, but William James is at the origin of the conviction that the objects we have can help the construction of our identity and that people are thanks to what they have. His physical and psychological aspect does not only define the person but also his wife and his children or the house and clothes he owns. Another example could be the automobile, according to Banning (1996), for a lot of Americans it is a valuable piece of they self. They are spending a lot of time taking care of their car. Other people are decorating their office with personal items or pictures. They also like according to Tian and Belk (2005) people like to express their personality through objects they have on their desk as mobile phone or notebook. Some people think that they could not live without these technologies. They are like a part of their brains. Moreover, the choices of the aspects you decide to affirm in the workplace demonstrate the way you are arbitrating between home and work borders. Most of the products you have are independent from your physical aspect (except from the haircut, tattooà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we can also talk about diet and plastic surgery). By buying a certain product you can show your singularity. According to Tian et al, the research of the singularity shows the need that people have to develop and improve their social and self-personality thanks to the purchase and use of products. It allows them to make a distinction from those who are buying other products. Due to this need marketers have developed the personalized purchases (e.g. Converse, Nike or some shop where you can do your own tee-shirt). Some objects have become indispensable, like mobile phone that are permitting people to be connected with the others, but also for the adolescent to feel more adult. SOCIAL SELF-CONCEPT According to Whyte, the possession of an innovative property demonstrates the model of the interpersonal communication. With his example about the air conditioner, he says that social conformity is very high in America. So when people are exchanging with their neighbours about their new purchase it animates them to do the same purchase. Nowadays, there are the same things in residential sphere with swimming pools, trampolines, and television satelliteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Whyte also talk about the corporate norms, which stimulate conventionality in offices. Moreover, the word of mouth (viral marketing can be associated with it) is one of the most relevant things in influencing people, in a bad or a good way. People are widely influences by their relatives and people they are seeing like friends, work partners and journalists for example. As they are submerging by advertising the informal power is even stronger and often decisive. According to Charles Cooley, self-concept is directly related to the intercommunication with other people. :The_looking_glass_self.png Consumers are influenced by their culture. It could be seen as the personality of a certain society. As a human being, culture is made by some proper characteristics like demography, norms, art or traditions. It is not easy for a person of a society to certainly define how his culture is. According to Michael Solomon, as we dont face another type of culture or environment, it is difficult to realize what are the differences about the clothes, foods and way of interacting with each other. According to McCracken, a lot of significations in our everyday life products are developed by our culture. They are giving symbolic qualities to products consistent to our culture through advertising. E.g. Calvin Klein with is ads about thinness. It exists some different rituals according to the country: Wedding ceremony for the Jewish New years celebration in France Senior high school prom in America Moreover, people can also be influenced by subcultures. They possess the same value systems established on shared life experiences. There are some characteristics as race and origins. It exists 4 important subcultures in America: Hispanic African American Asian Mature consumers For example they have common characteristics like for American Hispanics (Mexican, Cubans, Costa Ricans): Shopping is something they do in family, they are willing to buy some goods of good quality (generics are not preferred), they are brand loyal and like companies who are interested in them. We can also talk about another subculture: age, with for example the Generation Y (born 1982-2000) who are willing to use more internet than newspapers, use a lot text messaging and spend time on online social networks. :3690640303001.png Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) The reference groups are groups that can form a comparison or a reference in forming attitudes of behaviour. It can be also aspirational, informal, primary and secondary or symbolic. With the reference groups we face new way of behaviours and lifestyles, but it also inspire our attitudes and self-concept. Moreover it can develop ways of pressure to conform to our group, it could influence our products and brand choices. It can be some rock stars, professional athletes, opinion leaders or group like for example Vocalpoint, a community for moms. Celebrities endorsement is usually use in advertising to convince the consumer to choose this brand. Very often, the consumer is not even aware of the behavioural influence of the group. This is especially true is the development of social networks like Facebook, Twitter or forum where consumers talk about their experiences. You are influenced, as this is a relevant aspect of your social life. But for that you have to share the same interests. (Michener Wasserman, 1995). Kathryn Mercurio and Mark Forehand (2011) have shown that when you are watching a television ad that makes you think about your reference group, it is easier for you to remember it. It exists different types of groups like shopping, work, consumer-action, friendship or virtual groups. Shopping group could decrease the risk of your purchase thanks to the opinion of the others. Consumer-action group is for example who are fighting for a cause like Greenpeace. Concerning the friendship group, we could say that its one of those who have the most important influence on purchases with the family one. They are often more trustful with their friends than the marketers. According to Emmanuel Rosen(2002), more than 43% of the people who are travelling have made their choices of planes and hotels thanks to the advice of their friends and family. So people are very attentive to their advices, also for clothes, for the brands their purchase but also for the magazines and the films they will choose. According to Tobi Elkin (2011), the influence of the peer is the first motive in the shopping behaviour of the teenage girls. Even if they are price-conscious and attentive to interesting deal, the most important thing is that their friends and family agree with their purchase decision. With the appearance and development of Internet, virtual groups are borne. Hoegg et al (2006) recognized five types: Blogs Wikis Podcasts Social networks Social bookmarking This kind of online activity has totally changes the ways people are influenced; it has a relevant role with brand connections. Because people can easily learn about the brand they like and people are sharing recommendations for brand through these sites. Finally they are a lot of ways whereby the consumer is influenced. It could be by discussing the product, or by the pressure of the peer, by imitation or by the influence of social media. We have seen that a reference group can have a wide influence on people, principally by playing an informational role. They could also have an utilitarian influence, because people are looking for acceptance and approval. Reference groups can also be value-expressive, because they are ready to conform to the group due to the psychological need to be part of the group. They can compare their selves to the others. (Schiffman et al., 2008). According to Saul Kassin, Steven Fein and Hazel Markus (2010), we all are animate by the actions of other people. (E.g.: when someone is laughing you are often tempted to laugh too or for the musicians who are putting some of their money to encourage people to donate). Consumer conformity is when people change their behaviour to adapt to the other consumers (e.g.: compliance or private acceptance). According to Solomon Asch(1951), during a study when the judgement of a person is in conflict with the opinion of most of the other participants, he generally changes is mind even if they are wrong. There is also the anti-conformist who is willing to stop buying a brand when it is too popular (e.g.: Apple) CONCLUSION To conclude, we can say that self-concept is not just about our essential values or interests but it is also about people who are around us like family, friends, intimate relationship and group of interest. (William James, 1980). Self-concept can be related to social connections with our peers, our families or even with our reference groups. They are often using the reaction of other people to construct their opinion and themselves but also by using social comparisons. So the personal and social concept is closely related to the symbolic consumption, reference groups and social groups. Relationships are something very relevant for the construction of themselves. We have also seen that we are more willing to process the information that is consistent with our self-concept and that our self-image could be multiple (family self, friend self, student self).

Friday, January 17, 2020

People Should Sometimes Do Things That Do Not Enjoy Essay

Some people try to avoid some things that they dislike or don’t enjoy doing them. From my point of view, everyone wants to be successful, but unfortunately, not everyone is successful and it’s not easy to achieve success. You have to work hard and do the right things which can let yourself closer to the goal. Because these things are necessary for us, are linked to our future, and are related to our families or friends. For instance, not everyone likes to exercise, but exercise is good for our health and so we should all do it anyway. Likewise, not many people enjoy going to see a dentist or a doctor, but it is good for us to take care of ourselves, so we should all visit dentists and doctors regularly for a checkup. Another reason is that, at times, the things we dislike are necessary. Students must take tests ins groups to complete their studies, and everyone must work ins groups to make a living. And finally, doing things we dislike can also open up new possibilities for us. Most people can probably remember hating a certain food when they were children even though they enjoy that same food now. So, when we do things we dislike, we may discover something we do like along the way, or simply find a better way to deal with the things we must do. Secondly, studying is the one of the example. Some people do not think that studying is not interesting but most children think studying is not interesting. However, children have to study while they are students. As they grow up, they will find it interesting to study and what they learn while they are students will be useful in their future. You hate to take tests but you have to in order to pass the class. That is something that you hate and you cannot avoid it because we don’t have any control over our lives that we cannot just do whatever things we want to do. My next point is, working or doing housework is also absolutely necessary especially for people who have children. If father does not have a job, they cannot earn money. If mother does not do housework, the house will be messy. Each of them has their own role to support their family. Many things that people instinctively hate to do will actually benefit them in the long run. A basketball states personal experience is a good example. He likes running when he was child. When he was in high school, he joins the track and field team. By a chance, he met a basketball coach and was asked if he wanted to become an occupational basketball player. Although he was not interested in playing basketball, nevertheless, his parents told him that doing something he hated to do might change his whole life in a good way. By taking the advice of his parents, he went to the basketball team and now he turned out be extremely successful! For another example, we are not always interested to move different places. In fact, we will have more opportunities of improving our lives by moving around. As President Kennedy pointed out, â€Å"Change is the law of life, and those who look only to the past or the present are certain to miss the future. † In conclusion, people must do things they do not enjoy doing. Even if they hate it very, sometimes they have no choice but to go through it. After doing it perhaps they feel sense of achievement. This feeling is what I want you to feel. People who went through such harsh times are mentally strong. Therefore, I think people really need to do things they actually do not want to.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Malcolm X Speech Summary - 739 Words

The speech by Malcolm X that was given at the King Solomon Baptist Church, Detroit, Michigan on April 12, 1964 was a very emotional speech that was intended to motivate the African American community to vote. Malcolm X uses pathos very successfully in this speech. He believes the key to change the situation in the black community is the Negro vote. He believes the government has failed the black people and that they are a victim of the Democracy. Malcolm X believes that African Americans will gain there independence by electing an African American. He believes in gaining control of the economy will help the African Americans be prosperous and control their future. This use of logos by Malcolm X is the most important part of defending†¦show more content†¦In the speech, Malcolm X talks a lot about the government letting down the black man. He even goes as far to say the government has a conspiracy against them. He goes on to say â€Å"the government failed us†. He says â€Å"white liberals have posed as your friends†. He talks about being ,trapped, double trapped and triple trapped,. He seems to use a lot of strong language to appeal to the emotions, an excellent example of pathos. I feel like he is trying to scare them into taking some kind of action Some of the issues he discusses in his speech dont really have much to do with voting. It feels like theres a lot of anger against the white men. He mentions the march in Washington D.C. didn’t really accomplish anything. It was only a march around dead mans monuments. He said that singing didn’t get them anywhere. It seemed like the tone of his speech was a little bit condescending. He called black people â€Å"chumps†. He calls white politicians in Washington D.C. â€Å"crackers† The whole speech seems like he’s preaching to scare the black people. I feel like the people listening to the speech would be angry. It seems like he is trying to divide peopl e instead of uniting them. This is more of his use of pathos. He says that the black people needs to look out for themselves in their own community. He thinks by spending money in their own community will prevent it from becoming a ghetto. He thinks controlling the economy, by supporting black businesses is theShow MoreRelatedLiberty or Death1755 Words   |  8 PagesLiberty or Death â€Å"Liberty or death!† This phrase was used by both Patrick Henry and Malcolm X in their speeches. Even though these men gave their speeches almost two centuries apart their goal was the same. They both wanted to convince their audience to fight for freedom. Through the use of rhetorical strategies, Patrick Henry was successful in convincing the colonies to fight for their freedom from Britain and Malcolm X was successful in convincing African Americans to fight for their rights. To beginRead MoreCompare Malcom X David Walker and Booker T2406 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast Malcolm X, David Walker, and Booker T Washington I would like to thank my entire group members and Professor Donaldson whose comments and suggestions had been very helpful to improve the quality of this final paper. I have tried for the best of my ability to incorporate in this final version, all their great ideas about the format and the content of the documents. Professor Donaldson suggested â€Å"I am going to suggest that you do a little reorganizing.   First of all, you shouldRead MoreBooker T Dubois Compare And Contrast Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent people who had extremely different ideas on how to best tackle racism in America. Booker T. Washington preferred the passive approach, and often told African Americans that they were responsible for amending racism. In his Atlanta Compromise Speech, Booker T. stated â€Å"Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom we may overlook the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we s hall prosper in proportion as weRead MoreA Brief Note On The Civil Rights Movement1745 Words   |  7 Pageshistories are movements that came about to change the way certain people were being treated. What caused the Civil Rights Movement to slow and splinter in the mid-to-late 1960s? One movement, in particular, is the Civil Rights Movement, this movement, in summary, is about reach equality for the black community and stop separation from having certain opportunities as whites did. I want to walk through the ins and outs of the slow and splinter of the Civil Rights Movement in the mid-to-late 1960s. From theRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington999 Words   |  4 Pagessouthern whites gave them. Even though they didn’t agree with one another, they both fought for the same cause â€Å"a way to uplift blacks through education†. They set the mood for the civil rights movement and later activists like martin Luther king and Malcolm X. My link had a write up on both men which detailed their early life and how they came to prominence. For two decades Washington established a dominant tone of pacifism and patience among blacks, while DuBois started to lean towards a more militantRead MoreAnalysis of the Movie Ali Directed by Michael Mann Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pages Title: Ali Director: Michael Mann Release Date: December 11, 2011 List of Characters (Actor’s Name): †¢ Will Smith as Cassius Clay, Jr. / Cassius X / Muhammad Ali †¢ Jamie Foxx as Drew Bundini Brown †¢ Jon Voight as Howard Cosell †¢ Mario Van Peebles as Malcolm X †¢ Ron Silver as Angelo Dundee †¢ Jeffrey Wright as Howard Bingham †¢ Mykelti Williamson as Don King †¢ Jada Pinkett Smith as Sonji Roi †¢ Nona Gaye as Belinda/Khalilah Ali †¢ Michael Michele as Veronica Porsche †¢ Joe Morton as ChaunceyRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pages- 23 VI. THE BIBLE COMPARED TO QURAN PAGE 24-28 VII. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29-34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENS POLITICAL VIEWS ON VIOLENCE AND PAGE 49-56 CHANGE INRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesâ€Å"Bernie† Madoff (The greatest con artist in history) .................................................................. 43 Henry Ford (Kind-hearted industrialist and automobile innovator) ......................................................... 45 Malcolm X (Militant, radical black civil rights leader) ............................................................................ 47 Medicine: Florence Nightingale (The First Nurse) ....................................................................Read More Who We Are Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pageseventually come to new heights. This paper will identify the primary economic, political, and social needs of African Americans at the turn of the century and determine if the philosophies of Booker T. Washington, WEB DuBois, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X can eliminate some of these issues. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The number one problem in for Black societies is the lack of economical development. True, there are Black owned business, but the businesses do not provide longevity in the communitiesRead MoreNoughts and Crosses14387 Words   |  58 Pagesparticular objectives, assessment focuses and learning outcomes. These are accompanied by a compact Overview (see page 4) which summarizes the scheme at a glance, including the necessary resources for each lesson. The Navigator offers a clear plot summary, linked to relevant chapters, to help speedy location of particular parts of the novel. Lesson Plans are accompanied by full, varied and practical Worksheets and OHTs, and drama activities are common within the teaching schemes. The worksheets

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Benefits Of Biorock Saving The Coral Reefs - 1815 Words

â€Å"The Benefits of Biorock: Saving the Coral Reefs from CO2† By E. Grace Najera GT Chemistry 18 May 2015 Period 1B Most people when hearing about greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide think of global warming, the ozone layer being destroyed, burning of fossil fuels, and the heating of the atmosphere; however, not many relate it to the ocean and the coral reefs. With the climate changing due to the increasing amount of carbon dioxide, ocean acidification is increasing and as a result coral reefs are at stake of being destroyed. Biorock is one of the most innovative solutions to start reversing this crisis and move towards reducing the ocean’s acidification with the added benefit of saving the coral reefs. Oceans cover about 70% of the earth’s surface. For millions of years, the sea has been responsible for absorbing most of the carbon dioxide in the air. In fact, oceans absorb about one-third or 22 million tons a day of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. On the other hand, as people have further developed their technology, developing cars with the combustion of gasoline, manuf acturing goods involving factories and burning coal, additional greenhouse gases have been released. The advancements have come at a price having the oceans absorb more carbon dioxide than customary. In fact, before scientist started seeing ocean acidification as a threat, it was believed that the ocean’s capacity to absorb the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere was limitless. During the start