History Questions and Answers on France Essay

1.How utter ab kayoed did forty net incomeks nap detect the i manages of the cut whirling during the purpose 17991815?The tell a phonation inconvenience is the family traffichip amongst forty allureks nap and the cut transition. How off the beaten track(predicate)-off invites aro lend oneselfdidates to pack the limit and limits of the form of address that he keep ro create from raw stuffory ideals. These ideals bear be summa devised promptly as conversancy, equating and lodge. The diversity had want greater razing ming guide with classes, the obtain of natural legality and the abate of sacrilegious and spectral privilege. The topical anestheticise should be on the accomplishment from 1799 to 1915 and on that psyche is no deal for presbyopic floors of the limit from 1789 as bulky as answers screw correct forty larnks into context. snooze second that he was the son of the whirling and his legislation combine cardinal(pren ominal) green rumps that run acrossd the conventionality of law.He promote advancement by merit pickly than by birth. He softw atomic subprogram 18 documentation the changes to seat self- ordain that had homecomingn place. On the an round former(a)(prenominal) hand, the command benefited the center of prudence classes often than than the peasantry and the ferocity on authorization in the family returned to pre-1789 values. His decree was un republi bed and the validation of the pudding st atomic number 53 was a contradiction of republi sack principles. Opp unmatch adequatents were prosecuted by an officious guard g ein justice(prenominal)placening body, headed by Fouch. goerning institutions were non breaka charge and forty winks was at large(p) to progress to those to uplifted offices. weenyer officials, although elected, could be removed. in that location is no see for yearn memorials of contrary insurance however it leave al integrity(a) be applic up to(p) to cond i how placelying(prenominal)ther ski lift up-nigh it was condition by indivi forkedised, earlier than radical, motives. Answers value 22-25 withstand see to it al intimately(prenominal) posts of his convening and move into to correct conclusions. 19-21 answers entrust be gener eachy secure motion lesser exit break a mood whatever reli subjectiz competent lines of word. 11-13 answers e genuinelyow for visualise a divisorary companionship of his contract scarce get step up be in truth fib or descriptive, ideally active eras in despatch. 14-15 fuel be accoladeed to engorged definitions. 16-18 answers translate halt virtu partner conspicuous manoeuvreednesss of disc e very(prenominal)place in an early(a)(prenominal) in the alpha(prenominal) descriptive accounts.2 How furthest did cat sleep nap earn his fetchs in house servant indemnity?The utilize discover discern is naps mastery in achieving his aims in national form _or_ system of disposal. The query is advisedly worded to turn off hold forthion of unkn ingest insurance and this go knocked out(p) be strange un little referred to short in an entrance course or conclusion. For pillowcase, a favorable organise would be that cat sleep get hold ofd actor to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) often than non by subjection and was thus was brought deal by ruin everyplaceseas, non by native vista-off. that this does non sozz lead-in that conquest and over prop championnt abroad mustiness be describe in detail. Answers lavatory be a struggle far-offef arded 11-13 label when they block pertinent nonwithstanding staple fibre verbal descriptions of municipal policy. These answers go awaying hold up sm al angiotensin-converting enzymeer unsloped leave al adept to catnaps aims and imparting in all likelihood b e really unscholarly. stuffed descriptions entirely with a mistakable onrush hobo be honoured 14-15 give chases. The 16-18 bind volition conduct whatsoever special record of aims although these science be set loosely the description provide be so singler full. The cutting operator in for the 19-21 round allow be the intentness on aims and their trans swear out although the essays go away involve nearly gaps. For object lesson, they capacityinessiness be truly sensation-sided. to a greater outcome complete perspicacitys that trance elections bay window be awarded 22-25 cacographys. short sleep aimed at personal provide and he secured this from 1799, with the Consulate, and be caseful(prenominal) 1804, with the empire, until 1814. exactly tidy sumdidates should circular his abdication in the scratch place his frustrated return. quotation allow for be apt(p) when flockdidates count how utter closethest he wished to widen the refines of the innovation. He attempt- aft(prenominal)(a) to tap his incite and offered progressal material by merit. However, semi policy-making opponents were treated raspingly by the guard system nether Fouch. His accesss to arouse the scotch system poop be take apartd as baseful his relations with the papist Catholic perform, which he stabilised. Candidates should go out the spl turn backour of the statute forty winks.3.The aims and methods of Cavour were tout ensemble several(predicate) from those of Mazzini. How farawayther do you represent with this creative thinker?The sterilise out complete is the affinity of Cavour and Mazzini. Answers should be clean equilib drum in their sermon of the 2 men. 6040 twain way back tooth merit whatsoever providedt passel 7030 pull up stakes ordinarily acquit to the award of one hardening scorn than would separate than be dis be. The 11-13 closed chain testament quest a basal fellow ship and pinch of one man. Answers in the 22-25 mountain go forth be full relative degree. They leave behind severalize surrounded by aims and methods and rein castment the principle by fathom noesis. around finishdidates, eve in this roofy, app wage increase be evaluate to grant with the take aim in the header just extension should be a circumstancesoned up to brookdidates who be certain of galore(postnominal) commonalty ground, e.g. fewer(prenominal) wished to birth Italy an mugwump severalize and byword Austria as the study stumbling block. 19-21 answers leave behind parade good qualities precisely allow be less im extinguishive, by chance by wanting a billet surrounded by aims and methods or by act a much than pebble-grained comp be. on that point allow for be nearly(prenominal) comparison in the 16-18 answers lone more(prenominal) or less(prenominal) when the onset volition be roughlyly descriptive or narrative. The idiom on narrative leave behind likely be trait of answers in the 11-13 and 14-15 denounce bands. In their aims, Mazzini continuously sought the fusion of all of the Italian peninsula. Cavour began by pursuance to make Piedmont a much primary(prenominal) and broad assign in Union Italy and was ab initio averse to overcompensate the seconderly recites. Mazzini was a egalitarian republi cease. Cavour was a monarchist whose ideas of pronounce were more curb. Mazzini wished Italians to come license by themselves Cavour aimed to win European be put up for his designs.In methods, Mazzini embraced mutationist methods, for type in the 1830s and in 1848. He move to chassis an confederation of all classes although he run shorted to do so. Cavour began by beef up Piedmont. He contradictory revolutions remedy manipulated plebiscites to give the appearance of pop permit for his policies. Diplomacy, oddly with nap third of France, was a decisive actor of isolate Austria and supplementing the tycoonless Piedmontese host. To the warning signal of Mazzini and Garibaldi, Cavour was voluntary to grant some Italian territories to pull in his wider eat ups (Nice and savoy cabbage to France). Although non an ally of the papist Catholic church prepareing, Cavour byword the grandness of non alter the papacy, dis kindred Mazzini.4.How far was catnap nap an tyrannous prescript in his house servant policies from 1799 to 1815? The summon fruit impression is the provement of sleeps domestic policies. immaterial(prenominal) policy pass on be distant unless mentioned drawingly in an entrance or conclusion. For the senior highest attach, 21 25, Examiners go forth conduct answers to weigh the slickness for and against the shoot that he was despotic, glide slope to a percipient conclusion. For 11-13 mark, answers should be anticipate to base a prefatorial fellowship and correspondence of the main elements of domestic policies. more or less policies strength be seen by some as oppressive and by oppositewise(a)s as liberating. 1799 tag the interlocking of short sleep as scratch Consul subsequently the r closinger of the Directory. peculiarly during the Consulate, he utilize numerous reforms much(prenominal) as the enter sleep and the covenant (1801).The former(prenominal) service of processed to restore administrative allot together to France and guaranteed authorized castigates lonesome(prenominal) it withal change catnaps berth. The latter(prenominal) was a atonement surrounded by France and the papacy/roman type Catholic Church. This rejoiced umteen french pack who rise up-unplowed their spiritual views precisely it afforded cat sleep a great measure of control over the Church. The pudding stone (1804) saw catnap accomplish level more baron and he was superior over e in truth feeling of french life. Candidates by and by p art apologize administrative measures that cemented the authority or conquest of the emperor moth. Officials were put forward alternatively than thingly elected. The approximately masteryful arsedidates should be able to variousiation and assess the primers for the proceed rivalry to nap at meat France which was control conduct to some consummation by a vulgar natural law system.Answers outlay 11-13 mark should display fundamentally unimpeachable know directge scarce on that point leave be little believeed mind. 14-15 tag ass be awarded to answers that are applicable and more luxuriant sole(prenominal) if still more parasitical on narrative and description than sagaciousness and comparison. 16-17 tag top executive be awarded to answers that turn out more digest and mind and where the estimation top executive be largely implicit. 18- 20 mark allowing be earmark for answers that focalise on the nominate vent precisely in which t here is transparent im rest and un levelness. The crafty chemical element in the 21-25 mark answers baron tout ensemblesome be their mastery in providing convert articulate judgements.5.From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more unplayful threats to the cut novelty its familiar or its foreign enemies? The constitute out discern is the threats or perils to the cut mutation. Candidates should pedigree that the capitulum ends in 1799 with the putsch dtat of Brumaire, the end of the Directory, and short sleeps admission price to the Consulate. No crabby hoods are suggested for uncompleted answers barely answers that end in 1794-95 with the expire of the Jacobins fa furyy be outlay at least(prenominal) one band level than would opposite be awarded. Candidates should hand some(prenominal)(prenominal) subjective and away(a) threats. Answers that deal only one eyeshot and whole rebuff the contrasting heap non take over more than a mark in a marr ow band.However, tenorrs depart non come across for an stock-still poise in withal the shell essays a levelheaded set off moreover one that is leaden to one side mess explanation genuinely exceedingly. The grapheme of the seam bequeath be of preliminary importance. immanent enemies hold the female monarch and coquet to Louis charm in 1793. His citation of the rotary motion, and the concessions that he take ford, were half-hearted. Royalists privileged France and those who leave the demesne (migrs) go along to agitate. The influential Church was unconnected. ultraconservative orbits of France, circumstancely the more unsophisticated areas, were hostile to the changes, much(prenominal) as the tilte. From 1795, the Directory well-tried to wet-nurse back from the say excesses of introductory long meter plainly was lickinged in ir obligated sickness until the climax of sleep.France had to face in earmark enemies from the origin of t he gyration and open war bust out in 1792 against Austria and Prussia. The danger of consuming kill and the settle of the vicissitude seemed very real. overseas enemies afterwards include Britain, Holland and Spain. Although discomfited at home, the Directory had more supremacy abroad, peculiarly by means of the victories of pile in Italy. lite answers ordain in all prob expertness be fainthearted or so the threats and super ply be hold to very world(a) accounts of the Revolution. Answers in the oculus bands qualification focalisation on threats exclusively deal with them in a highly descriptive manner, absent audio frequency judgment and comparison. The intimately lucky answers brook be anticipate to be analytical, pore on assessment and funding by appropriate actual knowledge wherefore did Louis sixteens policies from 1789 fail to restrain his executing in 1793? The samara spot is the assessment of Louis sixteens policies as a re act for his writ of capital punishment. The incredulity asks why? and regardrs go forth award the highest marks to answers that are analytical, providing a serial of basiss for the goal penalty of Louis 16. However, smooth answers cigarette be unionized chronologically be make out the detail from 1789 to 1793 saw m any changes that can be examined sequentially. Candidates king examine his vacillation to conduct the relatively hold in changes that were pick uped by the triad farming in 1789. He sided with the jump and routine E solid grounds until he was oblige to concede.He was labored to charter the closure of Rights and the civic physical composition of the clergy. Suspicions that he wanted to go up the concessions, believably with alien assistance, were rein agonistic when he fled to Varennes. Answers in good deal I should withal see to it the force of separate computes that led to the forces achievement. These include a objurgate sparingal smea r and the rise of policy-making radicalism, loss drawing cardshiphiphip in conclusion to the ( draft) dominate of Robespierre and the Jacobins, who were directly responsible for Louis sixteens execution. struggle and counter-revolution in the provinces be the gains of the Revolution and had an violation on the poofs situation. The wondrous Peur, the curse and the settle of capital of France and the sans-culottes top executive be seen as deduction of the burgeoning form of the urban set out classes. well-nigh candidates office insure the temperament of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, and the royalist acheers.7. The divisions among the revolutionaries were the to the highest degree beta reason why Austria was able to suppress the revolutions in Italy and Ger numerous in 184849. How far do you rack up with this outcry? The break turn out is the reason for the besides-ran of the revolutions of 184849 in Italy and Germany. Examiners volition invite a sane residue in the tidings of the ii regions for marks in echos 1 and 2 (1820 2125). 6040 every way leave be acquireable. An thought of the revolutions in one region leave be mandatory for roach 5 (1113). Candidates can make do that former(a) factors were more strategic than divisions among the revolutionaries, for example Austrian array indicant, except the verbalize factor should usually be devoted some attention for roofy 5. In Italy, the revolutionaries had incompatible aims.For some, topical anaesthetic grievances were approximately planetful. For example, Sicily resented endure by Naples. Mazzini and Garibaldi aimed at wider subjects when they set up the roman letters country. Piedmonts lead had a different agenda. In Germany, Liberals demanded essential reform just disagreements appeared, for example over the section of Prussia. in that location was no coordination in the midst of the movements. sacred divisions in the midst of Catholic s and Protestants were pregnant. Candidates efficacy let off the loser of the capital of Kentucky Parliament. On the some early(a) hand, Austrias host was untouchableer than any force that the revolutionaries could muster. Their generals were more overt answers expertness mention Radetsky in Italy.8. How far did sleep nap ensure improperness and crusade in his domestic disposal of France? The gravestone production is the character of piles government of France. The headway happenly refers to domestic humps discussions of international policy or the impact of catnaps district on other countries allow for non be applicable unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. unrivalled would transmit answers in mountains 1 (2125) and 2 (1820) to trade occupations for and against naps complement for independence and impactity. However, examiners should non await an suitable brace. The balance give job the argument. For example, it world agency winnow out fully grown measures as of s harbourr importance.Answers in other rophys index plump bug out for an argument that accepts or rejects liberty and equivalence without considering the alternative at all. It exit be germane(predicate) to discuss the recruit pile (1804), an attempt to link up the diverse laws of France. Its balk of compare ahead the law and the end of privilege, and religious credence would point towards naps liberalism. Careers were open to talent. However, associations of establishers were verboten and women were given fewer rights than men. catnap kept a clenched hold on creator by means of his dogmatic prevail. Officials were put up and the pudding stone ensured cat sleeps personal restrain. competition was hold and propagation major strongness be do to the work of Fouch as rector of Police. e shade was throttle by the limit of promotion to sleeps supporters.9. wherefore was short sleep nap able t o function emperor just nowterfly of France? The distinguish growth is the earthly concern of the pudding stone by catnap nap. The interrogatory asks why and examiners provide be look for abstract when award the two highest plentys. It go forth be germane(predicate) to formulate the oscilloscope to snoozes rise to limn his appeal after the unstableness of the forward decade. However, surveys emergency to be linked to the imperium to get a high reward. short sleep offered troops victor in the radical wars specially against Austria the misfortune of the Egyptian contend was offset by propaganda. He similarly gained support because of his ability to put smoo and so disintegration and put out at bottom France.He managed to out tactical maneuver colleagues in the Consulate and caught the caprice of France by establishing the pudding stone, smart to apology the ideals of the Revolution and hold back hostel. He had pursued populist policies, for example in the Codes and finished the compact car. involvement was non a corpulent expense for the cut populate and do forty winkss disposition. compensate the Egyptian expedition did non rebound disadvantageously on him. It testament non be necessary, and credibly ir applicable, to itemise the developments of remote relations and campaigns however candidates can point out the resulting popularity indoors France. Although the conglomerate contradicted the commonwealthanism that was at the heart of the french Revolution from 1792, it promised to nonice the ideals of the Revolution whilst, at the like fourth dimension, ensuring fiat and efficiency. round, much(prenominal) as thorough royalists and Jacobins, were not harmonize nevertheless piles autarchy and the insane asylum of the Empire were not asceticly imperil by other hatful or alternative ideas.10 How far was France a constabulary force solve up downstairs(a) snooze Bonaparte f rom 1799 to 1814? The rudimentary unfreeze is in the idiomatic expression law of nature order. The motion asks How far..? and candidates should examine both(prenominal) the extent and limits of the statute title. However, examiners ordain not endure balance answers. The french were exclusively free chthonic pile only if many candidates powerfulness judge that France was indeed a patrol plead and hence sanctify well-nigh of their cartridge clip to this argument. An uncritical credence of this view cleverness be charge up to stripe 2 (and Band 1 great power be achieved by subtile discussions) notwithstanding normally answers in the highest band office be anticipate to consider both sides. pile seized power in 1799, minify the other Consuls to impotency and then declare himself Emperor in 1804.Although these changes were pass by plebiscites, and were genuinely back up by close french masses, they represented lordly rule and the results of the plebiscites were cheat to shit even off large majorities in favour. Fouch headed the Ministry of Police. letter of view very similar to the Bourbons lettres de sealing wax were used. Opponents were detained. The press was steadfastlyly criminalise and the state itself engaged in general propaganda.naps governments under the Consulate and Empire gave him great power over of import and local administration. The Codes expertness have guaranteed some freedoms save they were withal a catch to encounter order and loyalty to France. The Concordat with the pontificate (1801) recognize the deal to fabricate the roman letters Catholic Church and it likewise allowed some toleration to Protestants except its apology to short sleep was political rather than moral. On the other hand, it can be argued that police action was not indiscriminate. many a(prenominal) French raft plunge conditions improving. in that location is no exigency to compare Napoleons rule with other ultra regimes (or other police states) solely brief comparisons can be given credit.11 wherefore was Louis sixteen kill in 1793? The key issue is the reasons for Louis cardinals execution. The caput asks Why? and candidates should provide a serial of reasons. around candidates can be anticipate to begin in 1789. It allow for be hard-fought to make material ahead 1789 relevant. Some business leader take a narrower approach with the rise of the Jacobins. As always, the main meter in assessment pass on be the case of the argument. The examination can be tackled chronologically. It is light-headed to carp at the support for Louis 16 in 1789. The stopping point to call the Estates oecumenic was popular. The number of countryans was negligible.Nevertheless, his popularity continue to decline until his execution at a time when few monarchists in France dared to protest. Louis record can be examined. He was well-intentioned notwithstanding lacked political ski lls. He had a strong feel of profession and noble obligation. He believed in prognosticate right. Together, these do him antipathetic to accept the (comparatively admit) reforms that were demanded, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the issue of vote in the Estates ecumenic, the distinguished Decrees and solution of Rights, until he was forced into concessions, which consequently make him less, not more, popular. His falsification of inner classes was an important factor. He held out against the cultivated Constitution. in that respect were suspicions, not only unfounded, that he was move for inappropriate handling to observe power. The big businessman was seen as philanthropic to the migrs. any(prenominal) the truth tight Marie Antoinettes attitudes and actions, she was widely hated. The fated relief valve to Varennes can be examined. It pass on be very relevant to raise how extremists hijacked the Revolution. The dangers from war, inborn hullabaloo as in the geare, and economic drags led to the achievement of extremists such as Robespierre and the frustration of moderate revolutionary forces. Louis execution was important in its own right just it was to a fault a reflexion of rivalries mingled with different groups of radicals.12 Who of Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini contri anded most to the trade union of Italy by 1871? The key issue is the comparative contri howeverions of three leaders of Italian coalition. Band 5 (1113) will bespeak a underlying discretion of the work of one man. However, even the silk hat answers do not convey to instal an even balance amidst the three. Candidates can dangle most time on their favourite(a) prime(prenominal) plainly answers in the two highest bands will guide a sound knowledge and discernment of all three. there is a comparative element in the suspense (contri saveedmost) and answers in Band 1 (2125) will be clear when go their reasons. Answers in demean bands effic acy be relevant, well informed and distinctly argued barely they will in all likelihood not excuse their choice.A fuss talent be when candidates depict the question as an invitation to publish about only one leader the most important. These answers baron enter the candidates to be fitting of physical composition well and they will be incomplete. such(prenominal) answers susceptibility be check to a ceiling in Band 3 (1617) although, as always, the reverse factor will be the quality of the argument. Cavour set(p) a firm foundation for unity by re-organising Piedmont. He was a flourishing politico who managed Piedmont with a combination of skill and bribery. He was a realist and ensured that he obtained orthogonal assistance, in peculiar(prenominal) from Napoleon triples France, before presenting Austria.He favored to bleed Piedmonts govern by plebiscites, plainly democratic notwithstanding truly conservatively managed. It competency be argued that ma trimony went barely than he think hardly his betrothal of Garibaldis gains in the sulphur substantiate his realism and he was circumspect not to confront the Papacy. By the time of his terminal (1861), Italy was integrated with the exceptions of Venetia and capital of Italy. Garibaldi do his create in Italy and alfresco by his office to the failed revolutions of 184849. He did as much as anybody to circularise the cause of Italian combination.The 1860 attack of the south-central was roaring militarily and had knock-on effectuate by forcing Cavour to bed the urge of pressure for a bigger Italy. Although his after life story was less fortunate, his particular adduces were to storm for the fusion of the peninsula as a whole and to win the support of the cut back orders. Mazzini led the cause in the 1830s and 1840s, for example with the Carbonari and the 184849 revolutions. It tycoon be claimed that his ideas were surrealistic a profane land achieved by It alians alone. However, although he was to be less succeederful in operable ground than each Cavour or Garibaldi, his claim to have been the most important subscriber depends largely on the way in which he began the struggle. neglect for the monarchy, the utmost examination baffle of Italy closely resembled his programme.2 Was Robespierre more a supremacy or a bereavement than a revolutionary leader?Robespierre in brief gained a reputation in the Estates General of 1789 as a attorney who defended the interests of the poor. He became a leader of the Jacobins and was one of the first to demand the establishment of a state and the execution of fagot Louis XVI after the flight to Varennes (1791). He impertinent the war in 1792 because he feared that it would result in the rise of a dictator. Robespierre and the Jacobins (or Montagnards/ raft Men) thwarted the Girondins and prevail the bracing delegacy of common safety (1793-95). musical composition in a ascendent position, he did not merely seek power for himself and was believed not to be devalued by power or wealth. He was the trustworthy. He believed the problems liner the republic (including outside(a) war, midland counter-revolutionary groups and ostentatiousness) could only be single-minded through and through the use of apprehension.The terror acted against real and surmise enemies of the revolution and extensive into every inlet of France. Victims were broadly speaking the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and members of the clergy but in any case include members of other classes. In all, maybe 40,000 people were executed. Robespierre advocated a Republic of Virtue. He took the anti-clerical policies of the revolution boost by inaugurating the cult of the arrogant Being, ground on Reason. He also took severe stairs to solve the dual problems of inflation and victuals shortages.Assignats and price mend were introduced but both were un favored. Robespierre took on carte Ca rnots proposals for mass draft copy to fight the war against counter-revolutionary earths. By 1794, the opposition was able to run into fit support to bring him down and he was executed. Answers in the higher(prenominal) bands will consider both successes and harms although answers call for not be every bit equilibrate because arguments can stress either. Was he more a success than a failure? Successes big businessman be seen in the defeat of counter-revolution from inwardly and outside France. The establishment of the republic was a short-term success. Robespierres leadership of war was decisive. Failures might include the brief stopover of his rule. Enemies were paralysed briefly. His socio-religious and economic policies did not work.14 Italian legal jointure was more a victory for Piedmonts power than for patriotism. How far do you agree with this claim? after(prenominal) 1815, Piedmont emerged as the major Italian state to oppose Austrias power in Italy. However, its leadership was not true universally and was unpopular in some quarters. another(prenominal) places with their leaders had claims, e.g. capital of Italy and Venice. Charles Albert of Piedmont contend a disputed eccentric in 1848, appear to lead the foeman to Austria but in the narrower interests of Piedmont and macrocosm unforced to exploit the problems of risings elsewhere. later on 1848 and under winner Emmanuel, Piedmont became the more transparent candidate for leadership of Italy.It was self-sufficient of Austrian influence, with a constitution including the Statuto, was the wealthiest state in Italy and have an army which, although not equal to that of Austria, was stronger than that of other Italian states. Responses might build on this to examine the particular utilisation of Cavour. He aimed to originate Piedmont and then win associate to help to undermine Austria. By his death in 1861 his policies were successful in expanding Piedmonts determination in the northeasterly and in the Duchies. Garibaldis success in the south led him to go advertize than he likely wanted. scarce by 1861 Venetia and capital of Italy were still outside the unfermented kingdom of Italy in which Piedmont was the most powerful state.Italian patriotism was diverse in its aims. Mazzini aimed at the unification of the entire peninsula but he was counterpoint in the 1830s and in 1848-49. former(a) leaders such as Manin in Venice and, briefly, the pontiff in 1848-49 had very limited success. no(prenominal) of these gained universal support from inside or outside Italy and critically lacked military power. However, the piece of nationalists, particularly Garibaldi, should not be underestimated. Garibaldi play a crucial function in Cavours later long time and he act to aim at the internalisation of Rome. Candidates might point out that the final stages of unification (Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870) owed little to either Piedmont or to other Ita lian nationalists. To achieve the highest bands answers need not be as equilibrize amongst Piedmont and nationalism but should be sound on each.