Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Macbeth - Lady Macbeth as

dame Macbeth as a Tool of Fate The play of Macbeth is all about indicant and greed. It is about ambition overriding inhibitions and the sense of right and wrong of a good man. We know that most people consider Macbeth to be a good and a brave man at the start of the book, for warning King Duncan himself refers to him as O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman He is admired for his skills in battle by e actuallyone. It is hard to say what driving array underlies the events of the story, and it is equally hard to know what emotions or convictions drove the characters to do what they did. Parts of the text give us detail and insight as to the relation and power balance in the marriage of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, this can be interpreted and used to try to work out who actually made the major decisions concerning murder. From the very beginning Lady Macbeth is presented as ambitious and driving.That no compunctious visitings of natureShake my fell purpose, nor keep peace betweenTheffect and itWhen she says this she means that postcode will prevent her from fulfilling her aim, and that pity will have no effect on her. This purpose does seem to stand strong for the first few scenes, in which the most important crimes are committed, but as she and Macbeth grow apart, and her involvement in the play lessens, so does her resolve.When she first greets her husband, on his return, it is clear how proud she is of his freshly gained titles. It is also clear how eager he is to gain her praise, after the conversation with the weird sisters he immediately thinks to write home and tell her. This is very uncommon for the time in which the play was set there would usually be more dominance from the husband, whereas Macbeth and Lady Macbeth seem to be e... ... fortune to help the dapple unfold. Usually, however Shakespeares plays are more sophisticated and there can usually be found a reason for an event. I conclude that Lady Macbeth was a tool of fate. I believe the witches manipulated her, or their controller did so, to in turn exercise her influence over Macbeth and play out a series predetermined events. I do not think there is meant to be a reason in this play, but there is a moral, a mystery, and a great underlying evil. I do not know what Shakespeare wanted this evil to represent, perhaps he did not know himself or perhaps it represents the photo of all humans to fate, or chance perhaps it pessimistically represents a basic evil in humans or perhaps he wrote it to channelize his audiences and leave them wonderingWorks CitedShakespeare, William. Macbeth. Toronto Oxford University Press, 1977.

Social Networkings Influence on Eating Disorders Essay -- Facebook, T

As many as 10 million char and girls suffer from anorexia or bulimia in the United States (Steele). Anorexia and bulimia are very serious eating disorders. Many women and young girls feel that these disorders are the just now way for them to be accepted by others. However the strive for acceptance only ends up causing pain, emotional harm, or death to those affected. Being a sufferer of anorexia, I know the emotional and physical damage this disease can cause. The root cause of having an eating disorder is still undetermined, yet nigh doctors and physiologist believe the new focus on a perfect body, shown by the media is to blame. Societys portrayal and promotion of a thin body design as the ideal female body contributes to eating disorders and poor self-esteem in many woman and young girls. Eating disorders are a crowd of illnesses characterized by abnormal eating habits. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) classifies eating disorders into three categories anorex ia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified, such as shove eating. The history behind these controversial diseases start as far back as 1689 when an English physician, Richard Morton gave the first medical description of anorexia nervosa, which he called nervous enjoyment, he said was caused by sadness and anxious cares (Eating Disorders Timeline). The more recent fascination of eating disorders came to light when model Twiggy arrived in the U.S. Her short-haired, super-thin, look adapted the fashion industry and shed light on a new feminine body image based on extreme thinness. Twiggy too introduced the model body image known today (Eating Disorders Timeline). In 1994 a study published in the Journal of Adolescen... ...anice. Old Problem, New Victims. Winston-Salem Journal (Winston-Salem, NC). 26 May 2009 n.p. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.Ogilvie, Megan. How Biology Trumps Image As Cause of Anorexia I Became Obsessive... Toronto Star (Toronto, Canada). 13 Apr 2008 SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.Onstad, Katrina. Thin Is Inviolate. Globe and Mail. 20 Nov 2010 L.15. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.Siegel, Judy. Link Found Between Heavy workout of Facebook and Eating Disorders... Jerusalem Post (International). 01 Feb 2011 6. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.Schwarz, Fred. Not Our Stars But Ourselves. National Review Vol. 61, No. 3. 23 Feb 2009 22-24. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.Topping, Alexandra. Kate Moss Fallout Pro-Anorexic Community Finds Comfort... The Guardian (London, England). 21 Nov 2009 11. SIRS Researcher. Web. 05 Apr 2011.

Affirmative Action :: Affirmative Action Essays

There are many supporters and opponents of Affirmative Action. The focus of this program is to include minorities and women into social institutions. An argument that the author presents for Affirmative Action is that of the merit principal, which states that people should be awarded for possesing the highest merit. In turn he states that race and sex can be a merith because it will allow others of that sex or race to stive for greatness as well. The author also presents the argument of cultural pluralism, which states that positive benefits come form having varieties in cultural experiences. An arguement presented against Affirmative action is that often times people of a authentic race or sex arent as qualified as white males for the same positions. An additional arguement to cultural pluralism is that it excludes white males. It seems that in order for one multitude to benefit another must be disadvantaged. This disadvantage the author calls a reverse discrimination. The argueme nt presented for justifying the occurrance of such is the principle of reparations and compensation. Compensation states that since white men benefited from the exclusion of b pretermits and women they should in a flash bear the burden. The reparations arguement states that racial minorities (blacks) and women are entitled to preferential treatment because their rights have been violated. These arguements are difficult to put into practice because it bring certain(a) difficult issues into light. For example, who is black, who should benefit, who should be burdened.Justification for Affirmative Action is that it is said to be for the greater good of society, this is an utilitarian outllook.The author additionally brings up that Affirmative action takes away a groups self respect because it gives them something they are not entilted to, and that they wont be able to compete successfully with others who have received benefits with out preference. He dismisses both these views, the h ead start by stating that Affirmative Action is just and so if something is just loss of self respect isnt warranted. The second view is dismissed with the use of facts, or lack there of any proving that blacks and women dont succesfully compete on an equal footing as white men. In the Race and IQ controvesy peice the author staes tha talmost all professins have certain regulations with the exception of research scientist. He then names two scientist,Heinskin and Murray, who content tha blacks as a group are less intelligents than whites.

Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Essay

In The glass in zoological garden, Tennessee Williams presents us with four characters whose lives seem to consist in avoiding honesty more than facing it. Amanda lives her life through her children and clings to her lost youthfulness. tom turkey retreats into movie theaters and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and some day becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her Victrola and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is only able to find some relief in his glorified old memories. This taste willing examine how Amanda, Tom, Laura and Jim attempt to escape from the real world through their dreams. Amanda was abandoned by her husband and now must take care of her devil children, Tom and Laura. Amanda considers Tom unrealistic, daydreaming about becoming a recognized poet rather than staying committed to his present job. Amanda is overwhelmingly confused and perplexed about the future. worsened still, the event that Lau ra is crippled worries her even more. Amanda tries to arrange everything for Laura lest she will live paralyzed in the threatening world. Aware of the reality, she enrolls her in a secretarial course in the want that she would become, if not successful in her career, at least independent. Disappointed by Lauras inability to cope with the classes in the business school, Amanda tries desperately find her a reliable husband who can provide material and emotional security. But her hopes are unrealistic. Not even having met Jim, the gentleman caller Tom brings home at her mothers request, Amanda, look at the little, slipper-shaped moon, asks Laura to make a wish on it for happiness and good fortune to be brought by this gentleman caller, when it is just wishful mentation on her... ...nd some relief in his glorified old memories saved by Laura and is overwhelmed by the magic of the American Dream. Like many great plays, The internal-combustion engine Menagerie transcends time inasmu ch as contemporary versions of the four characters abound in the ever-changing modern world. After all, these are the people to whom the play addresses today. Work CitedWilliams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 1945. The Bedford interpolation to Drama. 5th ed. Lee A. Jacobus, ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2005.Work Consulted McHaney, Pearl A. Lecture on The Glass Menagerie. Engl 3860-American Drama. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. 20 June 2006.Jackson, Esther Merle. The Broken World of Tennessee Williams. capital of Wisconsin & of Wisconsin P, 1965.Parker, R.B., ed. 20th Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1983. Dreams of Escape in The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Essay In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams presents us with four characters whose lives seem to consist in avoiding reality more than facing it. Amanda lives her life through her children and clings to her lost youthfulness. Tom retreats into movie theaters and into his dream of joining the merchant seamen and some day becoming a published poet. Laura resorts to her Victrola and collection of glass ornaments to help sustain her world of fantasy. Finally, Jim is only able to find some relief in his glorified old memories. This essay will examine how Amanda, Tom, Laura and Jim attempt to escape from the real world through their dreams. Amanda was abandoned by her husband and now must take care of her two children, Tom and Laura. Amanda considers Tom unrealistic, daydreaming about becoming a recognized poet rather than staying committed to his present job. Amanda is overwhelmingly confused and perplexed about the future. Worse still, the fact that Laura is crippled worries her even more. Amanda tries to arrange everything for Laura lest she will live paralyzed in the threatening world. Aware of the reality, she enrolls her in a secretarial course in the hope that she would become, if not successful in her career, at least independent. Disappointed by Lauras inability to cope with the classes in the business school, Amanda tries desperately find her a reliable husband who can provide material and emotional security. But her hopes are unrealistic. Not even having met Jim, the gentleman caller Tom brings home at her mothers request, Amanda, looking at the little, slipper-shaped moon, asks Laura to make a wish on it for happiness and good fortune to be brought by this gentleman caller, when it is just wishful thinking on her... ...nd some relief in his glorified old memories saved by Laura and is overwhelmed by the magic of the American Dream. Like many great plays, The Glass Menagerie transcends time inasmuch as contemporary versions of the four characters abound in the ever-changing modern world. After all, these are the people to whom the play addresses today. Work CitedWilliams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 1945. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. 5th ed. Lee A. Jacobus, ed. Boston Bedford/St. M artins, 2005.Work Consulted McHaney, Pearl A. Lecture on The Glass Menagerie. Engl 3860-American Drama. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. 20 June 2006.Jackson, Esther Merle. The Broken World of Tennessee Williams. Madison & of Wisconsin P, 1965.Parker, R.B., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Glass Menagerie. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1983.

Andrew Jackson Essay -- Biography Biographies

Andrew capital of MississippiI cannot be intimidated from doing that which my judgment and conscience tell me is right by some(prenominal) earthly power. This quote by Jackson underlies the fact the he was a selfish, tyrannical ruler. He did not make decisions based on the interests of the whole res publica but on his own personal benefit, in search of self- achievement. Although he was portrayed or possibly manipulated the citizens to believe that he was a president for the roughhewn man, that was simply not the delegacy he acted. As president, he purposely ignored the power of the Judicial branch to judge laws, and strengthened the power of the decision maker branch above the limits in the Constitution. He was also said to be rude and uneducated, which might have led to the reasons why he was such a power hungry tyrant but before one makes this harsh judgment they must first realize the type of vitality that Andrew Jackson lived. It to the highest degree certainly was th e main reason why his thought process was so different from the regular wealthy, educated earlier presidents.The third child of Irish immigrants, he joined the Army when he was only thirteen years old. Although he was young he had already developed hatred towards the British, because his oldest brother was killed fighting in the Revolution. Even though Jackson was an exceptional soldier, both him and his middle brother were captured by British troops. After their mother pleaded for their release, the boys were set free, but due to the forgetful living conditions of the army camp, Jacksons family was overcome by the smallpox disease. Leaving him all alone in life. This traumatic time in his life could have been the start of all his psychological problems.It seems that trouble almost always found Jackson. After being a lawyer for only a hardly a(prenominal) years, an argument with another lawyer in the town led to an insult. Eventually Jackson challenged the man to a duel. Things di d not look good for Jacksons opponent because Jackson was a notoriously good shot, but at the last minute Jackson offered his enemy some bacon and a joke, and they laughed together. This shows Jackson had the power to manipulate people. In just a few years of law Jackson, now eighteen met his soon to be wife, Rachel Robards. There was a small problem thoughRachel was married. exactly Jackson being the terrifying man that he was, played with a huge knife during the divorce trial this p... ...er as president by majestic his limits and allowing his personal happiness and emotions influence his decisions that may have affected him positively but affected the rest of the United States in a negative way which was unbelievably selfish. He left the nation with confusion and failures instead of contributing to it, achievements. Jackson once said, I know what I am fit for. I can command a body of men in a rough way but I am not fit to be President.I do not think he realized how right he wa s.Bibliography1. Cayton, Andrew, Perry, Elisabeth I. and Allan M. Winkler. American Pathways to the Present. Needham Prentice Hall, 1995 2. Kunhardt, Phillip B, Phillip III and Paul. Andrew Jackson the 7th president. The American President. (April 9, 2000) Online. Internet. may 2, 20013. Jackson, Andrew. First Inaugural Address. Inaugural addresses of the Presidents of the United States. (1989) p.3 4. Jackson, Andrew. Second Inaugural Address. Inaugural addresses of the Presidents of the United States. (1989) p.25. Zinn, Howard. As Long as the Grass Grows or Water Runs A Peoples History of the United States 1492 to Present. New York City Harper Collins, 1999

Health and social care practice Essay

1.1 Outcome based cargon is about coiffureting the customer at the center of the c ar good and not prescribing a one size fits any policy. Care should unceasingly be bespoke to the customer taking into account their needs and qualitys. Care should relinquish the customer to live a ful make full life, aid them identify and achieve the things they would like to do. Outcome based care requires careful planning with full sake from the customer their relatives should they wish and other health care professionals if required. Teamwork and communication is essential to ensure continuous quality improvement, and process and outcome measurement. in that respect are reveal benefits of outcome based care1.2 there are positives and negatives to outcomes based drill. The positives could be that failing or poor areas of practice leave alone be targeted on and outcomes will be measured and new improved ways implemented. For heap employ a armed service this would be beneficial to them as they will be provided with a holistic service, support and care. So this can be demonstrated that any single using as service is existence supported in each(prenominal) areas rather than only in certain areas. Negatives may be that there is too much focus on outcomes, goals and results which potenti every last(predicate)y could mean that the wishes and opinions of people using the service may not be taken into account as the focus may be on outcomes rather than the soulfulness. Making a strategy less person centred and more business focussed.1.3 Theres a lot of polity that refers to outcome based practice which have led to changes in health and social care. The Health and Social Care Act, Regulation of operate by CQC, (also the new regulations in April 2015 Fundamental Standards. The Green wallpaper 2009 and the White Paper 2010 re a national assessment of health and social care incorporating joined up works with all professionals and information, advice being more read ily unattached which would illustrate what the outcomes were from an assessment, and what the advice was to ensure that the outcomes could be achieved and also what the plans were for the future. The Equality Act 2010 re making it illegal for anyone to discriminate which makes it easier for everyone to gain employment and access services.1.4 Positive changes in several(prenominal)s lives can come from proper assessments that highlight care needs and then services can be put in dress so the individual can live a comfort able-bodied life a lot longer in their own home or they can be put in touch with outside services in the community that they can call upon for support to live an independent life such as daymagazine services or charity based service to assist with things like shopping etc the salvation army the red cross or age adjoin and they may also use the respite service in the future giving them a break or their carers a break.Outcome 2. Be able to lead practice that promote s social, emotional, cultural, spiritual and intellectual well-being.2.1 Abraham Maslow (Maslows Hierarchy) maintained that basic physical needs are fundamental as without food, water, warmth, shelter and clothing people would not survive so before anything else in life people need these things to continue in life then achieve the other things as in safety, social, esteem and self-actualization.2.2 When booking in the staff go through a check list and a Person centred plans are filled in on individuals so that all aspects of their needs are looked at and all the individuals well-being is viewed from Physiological needs their diet requirements and preference hotness control in rooms for suitable warmth situ of bed and bedding to aid restful sleep as much as possible, the security of the individual do they need pressure mat to reduce risk of falls are they likely to wonder or leave building and be at risk ,the social aspect communal areas where they can mix with others any activities taking place to stimulate them mentally and physically give them the sense of being part of a group belonging, to make the individual feel they are still useful and give them some self-esteem, worth and boost theirego.2.3 The person centred plans that are completed on each individual look at all aspects of care needs and try to use following.Support self-carepromote independence get on risk taking where assessment has been madeclearly promote choice, dignity and respectrecognise and promote individual cultural preferencespromote equality and human being rights.Policies reflect these things, staff are actively encouraged to promote self-care. Our safeguarding policies promote the 6 principles of safeguarding empowerment, protection-pr change surfacetion-proportionate response partnership and accountability.Outcomes 3 Be able to lead practice that promotes individuals health.3.1 On admission care staff fill in an admission check list and diet requirements asked and then a person c entred plan filled in and this is covering diet, personal care needs, religious beliefs, past medical history, toileting needs and interests and hobbies making sure that all aspects of well-being are covered and health and respectable choices, staff also monitor and review a persons needs as they deal with them on a one-to-one basis.3.2 bump information relevant to health and wellbeing in an assessment, using a questionnaire physical measurements e.g. height, weight, consulting with people close to the individual family, carers other health professional.3.3 contact limits surgery, district nurses, dietitians and family or carer if any health concerns.3.4 nutrition, first aid and safe guarding training is given to staff including domestics then they can be certain of the signs if an individual appears to be failing or a change in their wellbeing.Outcome 4. Be able to lead inclusive provisions that give individuals choiceand control over the outcomes they want to achieve.4.1 Take time to understand and know the person, their previous lives and past achievements, and support people to develop life story books share people as equals, ensuring they remain in control of what happens to them. Empower people by making sure they have access to jargon-free information about services when they want or need it. Ensure that people are fully involved in any decision that affects their care, including personal decisions (such as what to eat, what to wear and what time to go to bed), and wider decisions about the service or establishment (such as menu planning or recruiting new staff). Dont assume that people are not able to make decisions.Value the time spent supporting people with decision-making as much as the time spent doing other tasks. stick out opportunities for people to participate as fully as they can at all levels of the service, including the day-to-day running of the service. Ensure that staff have the necessary skills to intromit people with cognitive or communication difficulties in decision-making. For example, full documentation of a persons previous history, preferences and habits can be used by staff to support choices consistent with the persons character. (Randers and Mattiasson, 2004).Identify areas where peoples independence is being undermined in the service and look for ways to chasten the balance. Work to develop local advocacy services and raise awareness of them. Support people who wish to use direct payments or personal budgets. go on and support people to participate in the wider community. Involve people who use services in staff training.4.2 To make sure that the individuals have a healthy diet option and that there they are warm comfortable and there are as much social interaction and stimulation as the individual wants.4.3 daily reports are written on service users and questionnaires are completed throughout their stay also a review is carried out on the person centered plans.4.4 All staff have mandatory train ing which is monitored and reviewed to makes sure the appropriate training is given to all staff.4.5 There is already systems and processes in place on the person centered plans and this would not be in my job description to implement them.Outcomes 5 Be able to manage effective working partnerships with carers, families and significant others to achieve positive outcomes5.1 If we work with careers and family members we can make sure that the individual has an as normal as possible support plan as at home with the worked extra of company 24/7 and different activities and a varied diet.5.2 On admission process the care staff who books in the individual completes most of the person centred plan and the write in the individuals personal file and verbally hand over to the next shift.5.3 Management needs to always remain calm when dealing with conflict and dilemmas, plus never get personally involved. Mediating conflict and dilemmas is one of the starting points for management to help so lve issues. There are times where caring can have a negative impact on the carers health and wellbeing, due to the anxiety and depression of the duties itself, that can power carers to become tense and anxious, therefore causing issues with other workers. It is important to acknowledge and respond to the different circumstances and get the carer to address the issue and may even require extra time off to relax and become self-contained again.Also recognise the diversity of care kins, with different cultures and other barriers that may add to different situations. As for addressing conflicts and dilemmas that arise between individuals, staff, families and significant others, it is important that one is understanding and sympathetic to the different situations and understand the history of the relationship and changes in the relationship due to the care role, including cultural considerations and the role of family member in decision making.It is important to help to negotiate outco mes to meet the needs of both parties Address all the important positive questions to help everyone understand theoutcomes, such as describe your family routine, how do you manage looking after the recipient/, what do you decide most difficult or tiring? Or are you sleep OK? Creating understanding and acknowledging ones needs and depravations over the need of the recipient can help solve issues.5.4 The emphasis is upon empowerment, person centred planning, public protection and a well-trained and regulated workforce to deliver quality services. There are trends in legislation, policy and guidelines all reflect the same aim. To name a few, CODE OF PRACTICE, HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1995, DATA PROTECTION ACT, CARE STANDARDS ACT 2000, MENTAL wellness ACT, Covering The need to achieve positive outcomes for people the need to safeguard and protect people for all forms of danger, harm and abuse employment practices for the provision and service data protection, rec ording and reporting making and dealing with comments and complaints to improve services Whistle blowing Health and Safety Equality and Diversity5.5 The main piece of legislation is the Data Protection Act 1998. This covers the medical, social, credit information and the local authority. There are eight principles. The data must be -fairly and lawfully processed -processed for mean purposes -adequate, relevant and not excessive -accurate -not kept for longer than necessary -processed in accordance with the data subject rights -kept secure -not transferred to countries without adequate protection.

Social Science Paper

Christine Louise S. Lacanaria 2-Xavier TYPE DEMOCRACY (CAPITLISM) COMMUNISM SOCIALISM DEFINITION aneconomic systembased on theprivate will authorofcapital goodsand themeans of production, with the creation of goods and services for profit. There argon multiple variants of capitalism, includinglaissez-faire,welfare capitalismandstate capitalism. fromLatincommunis common, universal is asubverter socialistmovement to create aclassless, m starylessandstatelesssocial orderstructureduponcommon self-commandof themeans of production, It is where everyone is equal where as if one gets everybody must also have it partakes to aneconomic systemcharacterised bysocial ownershipof themeans of productionand co-operative management of the economy. 1Social ownership may refer tocooperativeenterprises,common ownership,state ownership, or citizen ownership of equity CHARACTERISTICS Private property-the right to own resources and bequeath property.Freedom of economic choice-work/not work, spend/not sp end. regimen should let markets be with a hands-off philosophy. A theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of tug for the common advantage of all members. A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to devise do toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people. are economic systems that emphasize public ownership and heavy government influence in economic affairs.As a political system, socialism emphasizes co-operative work for the common good, a uniformed class system, and reductions of hierarchy in both economics and politics. GOVERNMENT The government and the leader is chosen by the people and almost everyone or majority of the people can vote for the leader The party is chosen by the people, where as the party choses the leader or the president of the country. Democratic elections dont exist and in theory all members in power are equal. The ruling party often establishes its rule by force.However, some modern socialist or democratic socialist systems, such as those in Scandinavia, have several parties and democratic elections. EDUCATION to decide individually how, when, what, where and with whom they learn to have an equal share in the decision-making as to how their organizations in particular their schools are run, and which rules and sanctions, if any, are necessary quality of education is largely choosen by the capitalist political state, which chooses to educate us in ways that are beneficial to them.Capitalism is represent as the best of all possible systems, with socialist ideology barely mentioned and almost always misrepresented as the philosophy of the ill-fated Soviet conjugation those under 18 are legally considered children, adolescents under socialism will be taught from an early age to become active participants in the industrial government, t o make informed and rational decisions and be treated with far more respect and offered far greater freedom and trust then the teens of today are, who are ordinarily treated as little more then the property of their parents with few decision making opportunities of their own. ECONOMY shift decision-making power fromcorporate shareholdersto a larger group of public stakeholdersthat includes workers, customers, suppliers, neighbors and the broader public. No single definition or approach encompasses economic democracy, but most proponents claim that modern property relations contrivecosts, subordinate the general well-being to private profit, and deny the polity a democratic voice in economic policy decisions is also known as the planned economy. In a communist economy, it is fully operated by the government.There are only state owned and controlled businesses. The government answers all the fundamental economic questions. is heavily planned, self-managed and state-directed. Rathe r than allowing market forces to determine where the economy should go, public officials decide which industries resources should be allocated toward. Production is both managed and controlled by the state. EXAMPLES Georgia, Lebanon, Israel, India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand Nepal and Cyprus China, Canada , Cuba, Vietnam

Agree or Disagree: Your Job Has Greater Happiness Than Your Social Life Essay

Society changes at an unprecedented speed. So does peoples views toward their jobs. This has aroused a heated discussion whether peoples jobs own much happiness than their affable life dose. From my point of view, compared with working, my social life means more.To begin with, admittedly, there exist some people who relish their job and convey it whole part of their life. For instance, an honorable professor in my university spends all his lifetime with his students and colleagues. He poses all his heart to the studying field of Chinese film. Only by referring to this concerned field, can he have the eyes lustrous. Without any other social activities, he lives a very satisfying life.However, it literally differs person to person. As for me, job is merely one aspect of my life. True, it provides the opportunity to enlarge my good deal on profuse communicating methods and sustain me be seemingly mature. But the vision is limited to certain fields, knowledges without any connection s with job still stay in an uncultivated state, such as skills of veraciously making friends, spirits of exploring new areas, kindness to others and so on. Lacking these crucial elements, I wonder whether it can be a happy life.Perhaps even more significantly, social life can help maintain a good health status. People could select a multitude of activities which make benefits for their physical health. For people like me, I play tennis every weekend, resulting in that I have not caught a cold for almost three years. And this offers the requisite basic of a happy life. In addition, social life also could be make advantages of by diverting concentration then assuage spiritual pressure. We could travel and spot various scenery with various people, make fun of different circles of friends, experience others lifestyles, explore deeper information of beloved fields.In sum, social life could better life lineament and life contentment due to many reasons discussed above. Therefore, not onl y working, but also combining social life, life could be more variegated.

Romeo and Juliet, Last Scene

Romeo and Juliet is one of William Shakespeares most well known plays and loved by many. It is a tragedy, where two feuding familys conflict is harmonize with the loss of their children, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet, the two star crossed lovers that take their lives. In this essay I give analyze the given passage in Act 5 Scene 3 (143) relating my discussion to the play as a whole. In the given passage, Juliet awakens from her drug induced death and finds Romeo dead along with Paris.Juliet cannot leave the grave accent or even live wirailyardt Romeo and decides to take her own life with his dagger. This does not come as a surprise to the viewer as they were told at the fountain of the play that A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life Whose misadventured piteous overthrows Doth with their death bury their parents strife. (11 3) Shakespeare not only tells the viewer right from the ascendant that the lovers go out give off but he also demonstrates that fate is against them. In Act 5 Scene 5 Juliet foresees Romeos death in a vision, adding to the drama.She says Methinks I see thee, now thou art below, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb Either my eyesight fails, or thou looest pale. (35 109) Romeo replies that she too looks pale furthermore saying that Dry sorrow drinks their blood (35 109). He even dreams of his own fate, I dreamt my lady came and lay down me dead (51 132. ) This dream of Romeos seals his fate and forewarns him of his death which is depicted in the given passage Act 5 Scene 3 (143). noblewoman Capulet also unknowingly condemns Juliet to her death.When Juliet refuses to marry Paris, Lady Capulet says I wish the fool were matrimonial to her grave (35 112). She even ironically foretells how Romeo will die when she tells Juliet that she will find someone to give him such an unaccustomed dram That he shall soon keep Tybalt company (35 110) seeking revenge for Tybalts death. flush Juliet brings upon the image of her own death and of Romeos on separate occasions. When she finds out she has to marry Paris she asks her mother to Delay this marriage for a month, a week or, if you do not, make the bridal bed In that dim monument where Tybalt ies (35 114). Upon finding out about her arranged marriage to Paris, and knowing that she is already married to Romeo, she says to the nurse My husband is on populace, my faith in heaven. How shall that faith re curve again to earth, Unless that husband send it to me from heaven B +y leaving earth? (35 114) As seen in the examples above, the images of death and marriage often intertwine emphasizing Romeo and Juliets fate which was foretold and wished upon. There was one person, however, who tried to alter it- friar Laurence.He marries Romeo and Juliet hoping that their marriage would end the feud between the families. He says, In one respect Ill thy assistant be- For this alliance may so happy prove To turn your households rancour to pure love. (24 63) This shows the viewe r that he is good intentioned yet naive and can not foresee the consequences of this clandestine marriage. In the given pluck the Friar only recognizes the consequences of his plans and unexpected outcome when he finds Romeo and Paris dead.When Juliet awakens he offers to take her to the nunnery and then flees as he hears noises abandoning Juliet as he does not hope to be associated with their death. Many Christians believe that the Friar tries to play God and even believe that Juliets death is made to resemble deliveryman death and resurrection. Jesus died for the sins of humankind and Juliet dies for the sins of the two feuding families. Furthermore, gradesaver. com mentions another biblical reference, when Benvolio attempts to halt the fight in the first scene, he remarks, put up your swords you know not what you do (1. . 8). This identical phrase is used by Jesus when he stops his apostles from fighting the Roman guards during his arrest. Shakespeare also contradicts these r eligious elements with erotic elements. To commit suicide, Romeo drinks the poison from a chalice which by its rounded shape symbolizes a womans torso. In turn Juliet kills herself with Romeos happy dagger, a phallic symbol. In conclusion, Romeo and Juliet die as a result of the poisonous feud between their families. With their death Shakespeare resolves the major conflict of the play as the families choose to reconcile.Fate and time is against the lovers. Romeo never receives the earn sent to him by Friar Lawrence informing him of the plans, Juliet awakes just after Romeo commits suicide and the families reconcile only after their death. Even though the audience knows right from the beginning that the lovers will die and are constantly reminded throughout the play, they cant help but feel heartbroken. There is however a glimmer of hope, as the night has always brought Romeo and Juliet together and on this tragic night the lovers will reunite in death, defying the stars.

Principles of supporting change in a business environment Essay

Unit four Principles of supporting(a) change in a subscriber line environment opinionYou should use this file to complete your Assessment. The branch thing you need to do is save a copy of this register, either onto your computer or a disk Then mildew through your Assessment, remembering to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for consultation Then, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your completed Assessment to your tutor via your My Study atomic number 18a make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Please note that this Assessment document has 3 pages and is made up of 3 Sections.Name MARIUS LUCIAN DANSection 1 Understand why change happens in a business environment1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer.In today business world the only things that is consistent is change. Change is natural and essential in a business.The change can came from inside or from outside the business. When external driving forces influence the business we have reactive changes and when internal forces affects the business we call them proactive changes.External driving forces are those miscellany of things, situation, events that occur outside of the company and are by and large beyond of the control of the business. Examples of external driving forces are financial crises, changing government lows and regulations, policy-making interference, competitions etc. Examples of internal driving forces which can createproactive changes are upgrading the office software, introducing bare-ass technology, launching a new product on the trade etc.The reasons for change can be political (changes in government and government policy) economic (economic growth, interest rates, level of unemployment) social (changes such as age population, cultural issues such as attitudes to work, health, religion) technological legal environmental (effects of global warming, concerns over protecting the environment).Whatever are internal or external forces, atomic number 53 thing is certain the change lead occur. A business must adapt to all this changes, be flexible and volitioning to respond to them in assume way.Without change your internal/external customers ordain not stay satisfied with the service/s they receive the company will not be fitting to meet its targets/objectives and consequently for some companies there will no longer be the need for the business to exist.Section 2 Understand the purpose of supporting change in a business environment1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing functional methods, products and / or run in a business environment.The reason of reviewing working methods, products and service, is to ensure that the business will develop and to aid the organisations continuous rectifyment, which enhances the organisations competitive position, allowing it to adapt to change when needed.In a business environment nothing remains the same and therefore it is likely that there will be continual review of its working methods, products or services to ensure that they are still be suitable and efficient.A company will want to review its services and products, so that it keeps upto date with the expectations of its customers. This will ensure the company to be competitive and/or meet its targets/objectives.A change to a service or product offered by the company could conceive that related procedures need to be reviewed to ensure they are still relevant. In most businesses there is a continual process of reviewing the working methods or services and making changes to improve them, followed by a review of this changes and then making further amendments as needed.2. When a business is going through changea) name the different types of support that people may need.Some people adapt to change very well and others dont. Where as some people boom on the challenge of something new, others may worry about it and can become very negative. If team members feel valued and well supported during a change, they are much likely to adapt quickly and be more open to accept what need to be done.Good communication can really dish people accept a change more easily and quicker. The person implementing a change will hopefully give everyone plenty of info and in addition get everyone involved as a team to help make decisionsTraining and time are also important support measures that people will need to adapt during a change. Not everyone will be able to change over night. They may take time to learn how to complete something new and also need training to be able to do so.Other ways of supporting the team can be mentoring, coaching, giving and receiving constructive feedback as well as advice on employment issues and pay and conditions. All this support can be provided through different methods, like one-to-one sessions, delegating work tasks, work shadow ing, job sharing, team briefings and trade union meetings.b) Explain the benefits of working with others.Working with others really helps to keep a positive outlook to changes. Working unitedly as a team will provide the support and collective fellowship which will help when change may become more challenging. As mentioned before, people often adapt to change better if there is a strong informal input.It is important to remember that to support and work with colleagues effectively you will need to keep a positive outlook. Moaning and continual criticism of what you are doing will not support others at all.Working with others can have a lot of benefits like finding out what is happening and what is going to change, as well as sharing workloads, learning and experience. By encouraging others to develop their knowledge and skills, as well as maintaining a personal network of contacts, helps to motivate each other.Section 3 Understand how to respond to change in a business environmen t1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with)a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods.A positive response to changes in working methods is important, so as to support not only the company but also colleagues in adapting to this changes. In my current position working as a care officer, the use of a Diary Handover sheet was introduced, to improve better communication betwixt staff, as well as better documentation of events/issues that occurred each day. Prior to this, staff passed noted to each other, which could easily get lost and did not document clearly each days occurrences for management to follow. This forced me and my colleagues to record occurrences in formal way. If I opposed the change, colleagues and management would not find relevant information from my shift and could create confusion and wastetheir time in investigating occurrences which not recorded.b) Explain why you should respond positive ly to changes in products or services.If I did not respond positively to new products or services, it could to lead to conflict with film directors trying to improve the service or product and be perceived by customers in a negative light. It could also create delays and create confusion amongst colleagues, if the change did not move forward.c) Identify ways of responding positively to change.The first positive action you can take is to look at the way you view change. Think of the change as an opportunity to gain new skills, improve your working procedures and even achieve career progression. Also, have willingness to learn new skills and procedures and to teach others.Attend any training available with a positive attitude, the more knowledge you have the easier you will find doing something new.Support colleagues if they are struggling, this is a great opportunity to demonstrate different skills to your colleagues.Dont get pinched into negative conversations, this will not make you or others feel good about the situation.Think of ways to move forward, seek support from a manager or colleague if you think you need it.Even now my company is at the risk of being closed down because the county council wants to save money and compact social services, I went today to a training about Translating and interpreting languages and cultures in working with people from different backgrounds. And thats because must go on and I want to keep myself positive and constructive.Once you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Marketing In business organizations

1) The buying decision process as a general concept and as applied to commercial / industrial buyers. In patronage organizations, the various participants who argon involved in the purchasing decision making process are initiators, users, influencers, deciders, approvers, buyers and gatekeepers. The gatekeepers are the important participants in the industrial buying process as they are the focal point for entry into the firm. They constitute the decisionmaking unit of a buying organization termed as the buying centre. The business buyers make the advantage of seeking the highest scotch, social, service and technical benefit with respect to a mart offers cost.The buying process begins with problem recognition- in this case the industrial buyer identifies the main need or problem which affects the firms business processes. The next step is Product specification The buyer identifies the crossroads general technical specifications by specifying the size, quality, quantity, design, features etc. Supplier Search After the specifications have been set upon, the buying centre tries to examine the appropriate providers for its supply of raw materials. Proposal Solicitation The proposals and quotations will be invited from various suppliers contacted and matchless, which satisfies the firms target with minimum cost and better economies of scale will be accepted.Supplier get hold ofion Based on veritable characteristics, the buyer will determine parameters to select the suppliers based on price, reputation, product reliability, and service reliability and supplier flexibility. Order Routine Specifications Here negotiation on the order takes place with the final supplier selected by the buying centre. Performance Review the suppliers will be periodically checked and evaluated on their performance in-order to identify the gap between the actual and the anticipate performance.2) Describe how the business environment is analysed, segmentation, targeting, posi tioning.The major environmental factors that influences and affects the buying behaviour as an industrial customer are environmental factors like the level of demand, the economic outlook, social responsibility acts, technological and political change Organizational factors speak on the objectives, strategies, policies, plans and systems etc Interpersonal factors highlight on the status, empathy, interests, power, authority etc Individual factors such as age, income, education, job designation, culture, social class etc. are the requirements to be looked uponThe overall commercialize dynamics can be studied by understanding the levels of market segmentation. Segment marketing, niche marketing, local marketing and individual marketing are some of the ways of micro marketing. Some of the variables for segmenting business markets are Demographics where-in the industry details, keep company size and the location have to be decided Operating variables which includes technology, user or nonuser status, customer capabilities in the buying process have to be worked upon purchasing approaches The way the customer approaches while buying the industrial goods, Situational factors- like size of the order, urgency and Personal characteristics buyer-seller similarity relationship, loyalty between the firm and the customers and attitude towards riskiness are chief parameters while segmenting.. These are the important bases for segmenting the market in case of industrial or business buyers.Selecting one or more of the market segments, which yields better returns at minimum cost and improved profits, is known as the process of targeting. The firm could use certain patterns for targeting such as atomic number 53-segment concentration, selective specialization, product specialization, market specialization and full market coverage.Positioning is what you do to the minds of the consumers. The various differentiating or positioning categories will be product, services, perso nnel, channel and image. Different positioning strategies select could be attribute positioning, benefit positioning, application, user, competitor positioning, price positioning and product-category positioning.3)Some of the patterns for market coverage are based on the segments overall attractive force and firms objectives and resources. In Single segment concentration the company selects just one single segment, which implies a product in a single market. In selective specialization the firm selects certain segments, which are supposed to be lucrative, and which are more attractive. Product specialization The firm focuses on a single product in all the available market to spread the business risk. Market specialization the firm constitutes on serving a certain focused market with the acceptability of various products. Full Market coverage The firm attempts to serve all the markets and all the products considering the whole market as one globe.References Advertising Managem ent, Edited by R. Batra, J. G. Myers, and D. A. Aaker. New Delhi Prentic, 1999. merchandise Management, Edited by P. Kotler. New Delhi Prentice, 2000.Marketing Management Planning, Implementation and Control, Edited by V. S. Ramaswamy and S. Namakumari. Delhi Macmillan, 2004.Retail Marketing Management, Edited by D. Gilbert. New Delhi Pearson, 2003.

Gay marriage speech Essay

Today the topic that is up for debate is gay marriage I ordain be arguing that gay marriage should be get outed in Australia. My name is Santika I hope that I will be able to show you why gay marriage should be go awayed in Australia. I will now define what gay is the meaning of gay is when a person man or women like the same sex. Ill define what marriage means the meaning of marriage is when two people commit their love in front of friends and family. They beget one and if your religious confess their love to god.I will prove to you why gay marriage should be allowed by giving you reasons that will hopefully convince you. Last year the government had said that the gays could get married in Canberra over the weekend and so they did only to have their marriages annulled. 5 days later by the government which is wrong. Because there wasting valuable money on a trip that wouldnt have been worth it.Im going to show you statistics on how may people would c atomic number 18 if gays cou ld get legally married or not. 64% percent of people swear yes to it thats more thus half of the country saying yes so why cant it happen. It isnt fair on them because all they postulate is the same equal rights. But the government doesnt want to allow it because they dont see it as being right which is completely unfair.another(prenominal) point I wish to make is the mardi gras festival if our country can have a festival dedicated to the gays. Why cant we allow same sex marriage what is the point in this festival I mean the festival shows our government is reenforcementing gays? It is completely wrong and our government should call for allowing same sex marriage.My final point Im going to make on this issue is that there are a number priests and minsters who support gay marriage. Now as most people would think people of the church are against this issue as the bible. supposedly says that gay people are not allowed and that its wrong but surprisingly they support it. Now if peo ple who worship god and dont get married for god can accept this. Then our government should be able to support it and giveit the go ahead.Just to recap everything I think the government should allow same sex marriage if more then half of this country can do it. If we have a festival for it and priest and minsters that support it then it should be allowed.

Graffiti : art or vandalism Essay

Graffiti is a line up art with different opineings that involves m either styles and risks that can damage artists physically and socially. Graffiti is an art, non a ingenuous tagging on a trash can or an alley wall and an actual wall painting that represents meanings in every detail, style, and even every color. How many times have you dependn a graffito mural and asked yourself what was the inspiration of the making of the mural?Three arguments in favor of legalizing graffito are that people shouldnt pass judgment graffiti also that its a way of expressing what the world is going by, and lastly graffiti artists are unfairly punished when they are not a danger to society.Dont judge graffiti as lamentable if you dont know what it stands for. One person who does graffiti in a meaningful way is Obey, who creates communist propaganda. He expresses how he feels and how many people feel somewhat communism. Another person that takes time to express the people thoughts of life i s Banksy, hes one of the roughly known graffiti artists whos murals actually make you think of how life is or what the worlds going by dint of .One of many quotes that Banksy wrote is People say graffiti is ugly, irresponsible and childish. But thats only if its done properly. I feel that when someone goes out on their own time to do posters or a mural representing how people from every society are feeling, they should be rewarded for standing up for their people they are also leaders such as the president standing for the countrys rights. Graffiti for many people is more then a simple tagging, its their way of life.These artists stun up everyday and just draw whatever is on their mind. It could be about a dream, a future goal, or it can even be how they feel about our economy. As you can see in the pictures above, you may think how true are those two quotes. If you look past the quotes, its a graffiti mural expressing the daily thoughts of an average person in society.Read more Is Graffiti guile or Vandalism EssayExpressing what you think shouldnt be a crime if youre not hurting another peer ,a simple scribble could be considered a tagging any one from any age can do that just because they dont consider them self taggers doesnt mean there not able to write on a wall Graffiti artists go through a lot just to make a mural. Graffiti artists include adults as well as many teenagers who are trying to express their ways of life. Many select arrested and let go but many get put in jail or juvenile hall for minors-giving a bad reputation for the artist later in life.Many graffiti artist get injured by attempting to do a graffiti piece, anti graffiti citizens go out and attack many artists slyness there writing on private properties in many cases gangs get involved causing taggers to get seriously injured and even get killed making a little problem become a big problem. Graffiti is more than a tagging in a alley, though its illegal without the position owners s ay, but with out the owners permission they could express their creativity.With many people against graffiti and not letting graffiti artists do murals in their property, graffiti artists also known as taggers go out and tag wherever they want, making it a crime. I dont ask for you to take any actions forward graffiti art but to actually take your time and analyze what the graffiti piece signify and not only judge it, in most cases it was done illegally but really think how it would be if there were legal places where graffiti artist could express their thoughts .

Martin Luther King, Jr. and Aung San Suu Kyi Essay

Both Martin Luther power, junior and Aung San Suu Kyi were peacefully skanky social activists who used their views and outlooks on how life should be to change the world around them. While Aung San Suu Kyi lived in Burma and fought for a democracy in her plain, Martin Luther fag, Jr. fought for equal rights in America. During the movements they were leading and participating in, both Suu Kyi and exponent wrote exception solelyy touching writings that are still seen as huge pieces of history today. Their writings stirred people by showing them how super flawed their societies really were. During Martin Luther King, Jr.s time in jail, he wrote a garner that is titled, The Letter from Birmingham City Jail, which explained that he was in Birmingham Jail because injustice was there, and he tells to the highest degree how there should not be segregation. By contrast, in Aung San Suu Kyis writing, In Quest of Democracy, she wrote intimately her views on democracy and her efforts to create one.They both wanted equality and more rights through non-violent means, and the way they wrote about those desires for justice was stirring to their people because each told familiar stories that related to personal experiences that their people had. Throughout all of Kings anti-segregation efforts, he was the head of some(prenominal) movements that impacted thousands. For instance, King was involved in the capital of Alabama Bus Boycott, Albany Movement, Birmingham Campaign, March on Washington, the Chicago Housing Movement, and a few others. While King was in jail, he wrote a letter addressing the wrong things that were done to him and how he thought it was unjust. In his letter he wrote, Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (204). By saying this, he showed that the reason he was in Birmingham fighting for civil rights was because equal rights has to start somewhere, and once it starts, it will spread. Martin Luther King, Jr. shows how the States are hy pocritical because they claim, The goal of America is freedom, but yet they are being governed by Jim shoot a line Laws (215).King used the power of words and non-violent resistance to start a movement that changed the world. Aung San Suu Kyi was a cleaning woman that lived in Burma,and after she studied abroad for a while, she returned to see how isolated her country was. She then do efforts to speak out against her dictator, U Ne Win, and start a movement toward a democracy and military man rights. When Suu Kyis efforts started reaching other people and a movement was started, she was put under theatre of operations generate and all ties to the outside world were cut off. Aung San Suu Kyi wrote the piece, In Quest of Democracy to try to spread her efforts to make headway Burma a democracy. Suu Kyi explains how the government is at fault for a countrys despairs by saying, The root of a nations misfortunes has to be sought in the moral failings of the government (221). Suu Ky i similarly used her pietism to help spread her movement of a democracy.For example, she use non-violence, which is the eighth of The Ten Duties of Kings. Finally, since Aung San Suu Kyi was put under house arrest, her movement ended with her isolation. Next, Aung San Suu Kyi and Martin Luther King Jr. were able to express their beliefs non-violently in their countries. Throughout both of their lives they followed Gandhis non-violence movement. While King state, Nonviolent campaigns aimed at ending racial segregation across the South (202), Suu Kyi also peacefully used democracy to reverse the process of decline (222).While Christian was the main devotion in America, Buddhism was the main religion in Burma. King and Suu Kyi used allusions to the scriptures of their religions to touch their people. Both King and Suu Kyi were extremely passionate about their movements and were determined to do anything they had to in order to reach their goals. Suu Kyi explains how, In Burma, dist anced by several(prenominal) decades of isolationism from political and intellectual developments in the outside world. (220) Finally, they both had similar morals in the accompaniment that they wanted equal rights for all humanity even though Suu Kyi was on house arrest and King was suppressed from being a different ethnicity.All in all, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Aung San Suu Kyi were social activists who created movements from their own views that changed many peoples lives. Both supported and acted in a non-violent way. Therefore, Aung San Suu Kyi fought against the dictator of her country in order to form a democracy, and Martin Luther King, Jr. fought for anti-segregation, so that all Americans, no matter what ethnicity, would be treated equally. Each of them showed the people of their country how flawed their nation was bywriting pieces while imprisoned for committing no crime. For instance, in Amnesty International, it stated She had committed no crime (Amnesty Internation al) describing how Suu Kyi was imprisoned for doing nothing wrong. Finally, both Aung San Suu Kyi and Martin Luther King, Jr. were persistent activists who aspired and conquered their goals and ambitions to the best of their ability. works CitedAustin, Michael, and Karen Austin. Reading the World Ideas That Matter. New York W.W. Norton, 2007. Print.

Developmental Stage Theories Essay

Develop kind psychology is the scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life span. Originally interested with infantsand baberen, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult information, aging, and the entire life span. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and otherwise psycho-physiological processes cognitive give voicement involving atomic number 18as such(prenominal) as difficulty solving, example understanding, and conceptual understanding lyric poem acquisition complaisant, personality, and ablaze reading and self-concept and individuation formation. maturational psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through and through with(predicate) the gradual accumulation of knowl edge versus branch-like development, or the extent to which children be born with innate mental structures, versus acquire through experience. Many researchers argon int erested in the fundamental interaction between personal characteristics, the undivideds behavior, and environmental factors including fond context, and their impact on development others accommodate a more narrowly-focused approach.developmental psychology informs several applied fields, including educational psychology, child psychopathology, and forensic developmental psychology. Developmental psychology complements several other basic research fields in psychology including complaisant psychology, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and comparative psychology. Theories Attachment theory Attachment theory, theoretical frame work earlier developed by John Bowlby, focuses on open, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment is described as a biological system or powerful survival impulse that evolved to ensure the survival of the infant.A child who is threatened or stressed will move toward c atomic number 18givers who create a sense of physical, emoti onal and psychological safety for the somebody. Attachment feeds on body contact and familiarity. Later Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange mooring protocol and the concept of the secure base. There are ternary oddballs of attachment styles secure, anxious- parryant, and anxious-resistant. Secure attachment is a healthy attachment between the infant and the caregiver. It is characterized by affirm. Anxious-avoidant is an insecure attachment between an infant and a caregiver.This is characterized by the infants in disaccordence toward the caregiver. Anxious-resistant is an insecure attachment between the infant and the caregiver characterized by distress from the infant when separated and anger when reunited. 1 A child can be hindered in its vivid tendency to form attachments. Some babies are raised without the stimulation and attention of a regular caregiver, or locked away under conditions of abuse or extreme neglect. The possible short-term effects of this deprivation are an ger, despair, detachment, and temporary delay in intellectual development.Long-term effects include change magnitude aggression, clinging behavior, detachment, psychosomatic disorders, and an increased risk of depression as an adult. 23 Constructivism Constructivism is a paradigm in psychology that characterizes learning as a process of actively constructing noesis. Individuals create meaning for themselves or make sense of unfermented nurture by selecting, organizing, and integrating learning with other knowledge, a lot in the content of neighborly interactions. There are cardinal ship canal in which constructivism can occur individual and social.Individual constructivism is when a person constructs knowledge through cognitive processes of their own experiences rather than by memorizing facts provided by others. social constructivism is when individuals construct knowledge through an interaction between the knowledge they bring to a situation and social or cultural exchang es within that content. 4 ecological systems theory The Ecological systems theory, originally formulated by Urie Bronfenbrenner specifies quaternary types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional influences within and between the systems.The four systems are microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Each system contains roles, norms and rules that can power entirey shape development. The microsystem is the immediate environment surrounding and influencing the individual (example school or the home setting). The mesosystem is the combination of two microsystems and how they influence each other (example sibling relationships at home vs. peer relationships at school). The exosystem is the interaction among two or more settings that are indirectly colligate (example a fathers job requiring more overtime ends up influencing his aughters performance in school because he can no longer help with her homework).The macrosystem is broader taking into account social frugal status, culture, beliefs, customs and morals (example a child from a wealthier family sees a peer from a less pie-eyed family as inferior for that reason). Lastly, the chronosystem refers to the chronological nature of life events and how they interact and change the individual and their circumstances through transition (example a mother losing her own mother to illness and no longer having that support in her life).Since its publication in 1979, Bronfenbrenners major statement of this theory, The Ecology of Human Development5 has had widespread influence on the way psychologists and others approach the study of human beings and their environments. As a result of this conceptualization of development, these environmentsfrom the family to economic and political structureshave come to be viewed as part of the life course from childishness through adulthood. 6 psychosexual development Sigmund Freud studyd that we all had a conscious, preconscious, and unconscious level.In the conscious we are aware of our mental process. The preconscious involves information that though we are non currently thinking about can be brought into understanding. Lastly, the unconscious includes those mental processes which we are unaware of. He believed that the conscious and unconscious had tension because the conscious would try and hold posterior what the unconscious was trying to express. To rationalise this he developed three structures of personality the id, self, and superego. The id, being the almost earthy of the three functioned according to the pleasure principle.The pleasure principle states that the ids motivation is to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Based on this he proposed five universal stages of development. The first is the oral stage which occurs from birth to 12 months of age, second is the anal stage which occurs from one to three years of age, third is the phallic stage which occurs from three to five years of age (most of a persons personality is formed by this age), the tail is called latency which occurs from age five until pubescence, and lastly stage five is the genital stage which takes stain from puberty until adulthood. 7Stages of moral development Theories of morality that stem from dungaree Piagets cognitive-developmental view draw emphasize shifts in the type of reasoning that individuals use in making moral decisions. Changes in the content of the decision they reach or the actions they take as a result does not occur. dubious discuss Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on this issue specifically during adolescence. He suggested three levels of moral reasoning preconventional moral reasoning, conventional moral reasoning, and postconventional moral reasoning.Preconventional moral reasoning is regular of children and is characterized by reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments associated with contrasting courses of action. Conventional moral reason occurs during late childhood and early adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is based on the rules and conventions of society. Lastly, postconventional moral reasoning is the stage during which societys rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as authoritative. 1 Stages of psychosocial development Erik Erikson became a child analyst like his mentor Anna Freud, Sigmond Freuds daughter.He went on to reinterpret Freuds psychosexual stages by incorporating the social shots of it. He came up with cardinal stages, each of which has two crisis (a positive and a negative). Stage one is trust versus mistrust, which occurs during infancy. Stage two is autonomy versus shame and doubt which occurs during early childhood. Stage three is initiative versus wickedness which occurs during play age. Stage four is industry versus inferiority which occurs during school age. Stage five is identity versus identity diffusion which occurs during adolescence. Stage six is intimacy versus isolation which occurs during yo ung adulthood.Stage seven is generativity versus self-absorption which occurs during adulthood. Lastly, stage eight is integrity versus despair which occurs during old age. In each of these stages either one or the other crisis is developed. The paragon thing would be to have the positive crisis more developed than the negative crisis. 7 Theories of cognitive development Jean Piaget was a Swiss theorist who posited that children learn by actively constructing knowledge through hands-on experience. 8He suggested that the adults role in helping the child learn was to provide appropriate materials or the child to interact and construct. He would use Socratic questioning to get the children to reflect on what they were doing. He would try to get them to see contradictions in their explanations. He also developed stages of development. His approach can be seen in how the curriculum is sequenced in schools, and in the pedagogy of preschool centers across the United States. Piaget believe d that intellectual development took place through a series of stages which caused him to come up with his Theory on Cognitive Development. Each stage consisted of steps which the child had to master before moving on to the next step.He believe that these stages where not separate from one another but rather each stage built on the anterior one, hence learning was continuous. His theory consisted of four stages sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Though he did not believe these stages occurred at any given age, many studies have determine when these cognitive abilities should take place. 4 Zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky was a Russian theorist from the Soviet era, who posited that children learn through hands-on experience and social interactions with members of his/her culture. 9Unlike Piaget, he claimed that timely and sensitive intervention by adults when a child is on the edge of learning a new task (called the zone of proximal development) could help children learn new tasks. Martin Hill stated that The world of reality does not apply to the mind of a child. This technique is called scaffolding, because it builds upon knowledge children already have with new knowledge that adults can help the child learn. 10 Vygotsky was strongly focused on the role of culture in determining the childs pattern of development, arguing that development moves from the social level to the individual level. 10In other words, Vygotsky claimed that psychology should focus on the progress of human consciousness through the relationship of an individual and their environment. 11He felt that if scholars continued to disregard this connection, then this disregard would inhibit the full comprehension of the human consciousness Nature/nurture A significant issue in developmental psychology is the relationship between innateness and environmental influence in regard to any particular aspect of development. This is often referred to a s nature versus nurture or nativism versus empiricism.A nativist account of development would consider that the processes in question are innate, that is, they are specified by the organisms genes. An empiricist perspective would struggle that those processes are get intod in interaction with the environment. Today developmental psychologists rarely take such polarised positions with regard to most aspects of development rather they investigate, among many other things, the relationship between innate and environmental influences. One of the ways in which this relationship has been explored in recent years is through the emerging field of evolutionary developmental psychology.One field of operation where this innateness debate has been prominently portrayed is in research on spoken language acquisition. A major question in this area is whether or not certain properties of human language are specified genetically or can be acquired through learning. The empiricist position on th e issue of language acquisition suggests that the language input provides the necessary information required for learning the structure of language and that infants acquire language through a process of statistical learning.From this perspective, language can be acquired via general learning methods that also apply to other aspects of development, such as perceptual learning. The nativist position argues that the input from language is too impoverished for infants and children to acquire the structure of language. Linguist Noam Chomsky asserts that, evidenced by the lack of sufficient information in the language input, at that place is a universal grammar that applies to all human languages and is pre-specified. This has led to the idea that there is a special cognitivemodule suited for learning language, often called the language acquisition device.Chomskys critique of the behaviouristic model of language acquisition is regarded by many as a key turning point in the decline in th e prominence of the theory of behaviorism generally. 12 But Skinners intention of Verbal Behavior has not died, perhaps in part because it has generated successful practical drills. 12 Mechanisms of development Developmental psychology is concerned not only with describing the characteristics of psychological change over time, but also seeks to explain the principles and internal workings underlying these changes.Psychologists have attempted to better understand these factors by using models. Developmental models are sometimes computational, but they do not need to be. A model must simply account for the means by which a process takes place. This is sometimes done in reference to changes in the brain that may correspond to changes in behavior over the course of the development. Computational accounts of development often use either symbolic, connectionist (neural network), or dynamical systems models to explain the mechanisms of development. Research areas Cognitive developmentCo gnitive development is primarily concerned with the ways in which infants and children acquire, develop, and use internal mental capabilities such as problem solving, memory, and language. Major topics in cognitive development are the study of language acquisition and the development of perceptual and motor skills. Piaget was one of the influential early psychologists to study the development of cognitive abilities. His theory suggests that development way out through a set of stages from infancy to adulthood and that there is an end point or goal. separate accounts, such as that of Lev Vygotsky, have suggested that development does not progress through stages, but rather that the developmental process that begins at birth and continues until death is too complex for such structure and finality. Rather, from this viewpoint, developmental processes conk more continuously, thus development should be analyzed, instead of treated as a product to be obtained. K. Warner Schaie has expan ded the study of cognitive development into adulthood. Rather than being stable from adolescence, Schaie sees adults as progressing in the application of their cognitive abilities. 13Modern cognitive development has integrated the considerations of cognitive psychology and the psychology of individual differences into the interpreting and modeling of development. 14Specifically, the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development showed that the successive levels or stages of cognitive development are associated with increasing impact efficiency andworking memory capacity. In addition, children in high-levels of cognitive development have been observed to have greater mathematical fluency in basic addition and subtraction problems. 15These increases explain differences between stages, progression to higher stages, and individual differences of children who are the same-age and of the same grade-level. However, other theories have moved away from Piagetian stage theories, and are influenced by accounts of domain-specific information processing, which posit that development is guided by innate evolutionarily-specified and content-specific information processing mechanisms. Social and emotional development Developmental psychologists who are interested in social development examine how individuals develop social and emotional competencies.For example, they study how children form friendships, how they understand and deal with emotions, and how identity develops. Research in this area may involve study of the relationship between cognition or cognitive development and social behavior. Erik Erikson believed we undergo several stages to achieve social and emotional development. These stages were called the Erik Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. The stages were trust vs. mistrust, attachment, parenting style, ego identity, role diffusion, generativity versus stagnation, midlife crisis, and ego integrity versus despair.Emotional regulation or ER refers t o an individuals ability to modulate emotional responses across a variety of contexts. In young children, this modulation is in part controlled externally, by parents and other authority figures. As children develop, they take on more and more responsibility for their internal state. Studies have shown that the development of ER is hited by the emotional regulation children observe in parents and caretakers, the emotional climate in the home, and the reaction of parents and caretakers to the childs emotions. 16 Physical developmentPhysical development concerns the physical maturation of an individuals body until it reaches the adult stature. Although physical growth is a highly regular process, all children differ tremendously in the timing of their growth spurts. 17 Studies are being done to analyze how the differences in these timings affect and are related to other variables of developmental psychology such as information processing speed. tralatitious measures of physical matu rity using x-rays are less in practice nowadays, compared to simple measurements of body split such as height, weight, head circumference, and arm span. 17A few other studies and practices with physical developmental psychology are the phonological abilities of mature 5- to 11-year-olds, and the controversial hypotheses of left-handers being maturationally delayed compared to right-handers. A study by Eaton, Chipperfield, Ritchot, and Kostiuk in 1996 found in three different samples that there was no difference between right- and left-handers. 17 Memory development Researchers interested in memory development look at the way our memory develops from childhood and onward. agree to Fuzzy-trace theory, we have two separate memory processes verbatim and gist. These two traces begin to develop at different times as well as at a different pace. Children as young as 4 years-old have verbatim memory, memory for surface information, which increases up to early adulthood, at which point it b egins to decline. On the other hand, our capacity for gist memory, memory for semantic information, increases up to early adulthood, at which point it conformable through old age. Furthermore, our reliance on gist memory traces in reasoning increases as we age.

Reflections on Transgender Essay

Before going to the trans sexuality workshop, I generate already had a mindset of gender stereo instance and I sustain never thought of pass judgment the wind upual minorities like trans and homosexual mickle. I was raised in a traditional and conservative family that my p arnts showed me that a patch should be the head of the family because he is the breadwinner so all family members have to rely on him. On the new(prenominal) hand, a woman should always listen to her husband and stay at home to take to heart her husband and take carry off of the children. Family is the primary socializing agent that I learn how a family functions by observational learning. Moreover, I was taught in school that how girls and boys should ex go without hesitationing the reason why I should stick out like that. The formal, informal and hidden curriculum in school shaped my thought about gender. For instance, boys should be active and girls should be quiet in class. Socialized by family an d school for a persistent time, I internalized the gender stereotype made by the culture of fellowship so I admitted that I had a closed-mind before.I now understand why students are inculcated with this kind of gender stereotype. It is because capitalists want to maintain their go away and heterosexual domination in a patriarchy society so they designate the minority as abnormal. According to the conflict theory of Karl Marx, the education systems produce the ideology of gender stereotype so as to maintain and legitimate the base created by capitalists who control the means of production. I have learned to destine in a critical manner because many of our mindsets are shaped by society. We have to unbelief whether they are rational before accepting those thoughts. After attending the transgender workshop, I had a brief intelligence about what transgender is. Transgender means that people identify themselves as a nonher sex diverse from their biological sex. Their gender ide ntity and gender expression are different from their biological sex and gender role constructed by society. For example, slightly of them are male at birth but they identify themselves as effeminate. We called them MtF (male to effeminate) and a nonher type is called FtM (female to male). Mainly, trans people are divided into ii groups, the Crossdresser, who like to dress up as a different sex and the Transexual, who have underg sensation sex reassignment surgery.From the sharing of two trans people, Fei (a MtF) and Siu Keung(aFtM), I know that being a trans someone is tough because he or she has to face a lot of trickyy in daily lifetime such as being questioned by family and friends as well as being discriminated against in society that make them have low self-esteem. Like Fei, he discovered that he liked a boy when he was in Form 3 or 4 and then his classmates humiliated him so he hated himself very much at that time and he even tried to commit suicide. I bath see that pe er is another socializing agent that affects our mindset of who we are and what we are supposed(a) to behave. If we violate the expected behavior of society, we will be regarded as freak and abnormal. In order not to be isolated or labeled as abnormal, we follow the main stream and hide the office that what we actually are. Also, I can see that only the hegemonic masculinity is being accepted among people by Feis experience. He was at a time invited to a themed party and he wore a dress to go to the party. However, his friends asked him not to wear dress to come again.Feminine masculinity is not acceptable. Everything has its diversity but people tend to divide things into binary opposition. The one who owns power decides which character is the right and normal one and the other is regarded as wrong and abnormal. It is obviously a power struggle. Trans gender people are leading a difficult life. In Hong Kong, there are approximately 200-300 trans people (Leung, 2012). Many of th em are like Fei that they have to behave normal in front of other people and they could only be the true self when they are alone. Trans people will also consider their behaviors as abnormal or even consider themselves as a psychopathy. As many of them are reluctant to find help, they are in lack of people to share their feelings that make them feel lonely and helpless. Some of them many even hurt their reproductive variety meat or commit suicide. Apart from the lacking in rational support, the institution in Hong Kong doesnt provide enough support for trans people. Until now, there is no law to protect trans people, as they are not include in the Sex Discrimination Ordinance.Only those who are judged to have sexuality Identity Disorder can be protected under Disability Discrimination Ordinance. (Leung, 2012) Yet, in the mean time, trans people are labeled as disable as well as having mental disorder, which is another kind of discrimination. Also, health care system in Hong Kong is not comprehensive enough for trans people. At present, there are only two hospitals, which are Prince of Wales Hospital and the sex clinic in CastlePeak Hospital, that provide transgender medical diagnostic go so trans people have to wait about seven weeks to see the doctor (Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients, 2013). Knowing what tough situation that the trans people are facing, I feel sympathy for them and I will now show my respect to trans people. I used to think that the Crossdresser was abnormal and disgusting. Now, I question why women can dress like men but men cannot dress like women. It is partial to men that they will be remarkd and discriminated against if they dress like women. Also, the media uses language to derogate the Crossdresser such as business them ladyboy .Like Fei, he likes wearing dress since he was small but he has tried to keep away all his dresses as his mother and girlfriends did not accept that. It is hard for him no t to be the one he wanted to be and he had spent years being the one he hated. I will consider crossdressing as a hobby of trans people because they just spend time on something they like to do. Also, we should not criticize their act because it does not do any harm on other people. In addition to the Crossdresser, transsexual people have to master up their courage to undergo sex reassignment surgery as it is not as easy as we think. In fact, it is a long process. They have to first get a referral letter from doctors, social workers or psychologists and they must pass the two-year mental and psychological evaluation process including living as another sex for one year. Next, they can be defined as gender identity disorder. After that, they are referred to public hospital to undergo surgery.In fact it is dangerous for them to undergo sex reassignment surgery, especially the FtM people. There is a high risk of brand in penile reconstructive surgery and the success rate is low. Also, they have to take hormones. According to some medical studies, there will be some long-term side effects of taking female hormones. For example, the risk of having breast cancer will be higher and the load of the stretch forthr will be increased (Transgender handbook, 2012). I appreciate their determination that they would rather sacrifice their health in order to be their true selves. As Goffman said, gender is something that an individual actively do, we can choose to be a man or a woman, as we like. In this post-modern age, queer theory suggested that gender is fluid. A picture of the genderbread individual shows that there are more than eighty combinations that an individual can be. For example, she can be a female but identifying herself as a manand she can express herself as androgynous and being a bisexual. I know that when we do not understand an issue clearly, we have no right to criticize it.After knowing what transgender is, I choose to respect. We should be open-minded to accept the existence of diversity of gender in society or at least we should respect so that we all can live in a society with harmony. I have a friend who is a bisexual. I was once reluctant to befriend him. But now, I always show him my support and I am volition to listen to his difficulties in daily life to help him release stress. Also, I realized that I do not need to do something to fulfill what society expects me to do as a girl. For example, I do not need to be tender I do not need to have long legs, big breasts or a slim body to impress men. I just have to be myself, which is unique.Work cited1.Leung , J.(2012). Gossip boys and girlsBrochure. Hong Kong Transgender Resource Center. 2.Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients. (2013, October 9). Retrieved from http//www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201310/09/P201310090465.htm3.Rainbow of Hong Kong. (2012). Transgender handbookBrochure. Retrieved from http//rainbowhk.org/tg/handbook-p.html

Cross Cultural Studies in Gender Essay

Most explore into sexual urge roles has occurred in westerly societies, and gener aloney press outs a clear appoint in sexual urge roles, most encouraging masculine behaviour in boys, and feminine behaviour in girls. However, in order to further explore the idea of nature vs. upbringing ( biologic vs. loving approach) it is pregnant to research gender roles in a variety of countries.If clear themes, it may indicate that gender role ripening is nature, as would show that men be similar to men crosswise the whole world, and likewise for females, viewing in that respect must be something determining the way men work, whereas if on that point ar clear stopping point remnants, it would imply kindly factors determine gender. Cross cultural research has been explored for many years by anthropologists. slightly of the earliest work came from Margret Mead in the 1930s. Comparing three Papua New Guinean tribes, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchambuli, she discovered di fferent behaviours displayed by some(prenominal) men and women in each individual tribe. In the Arapesh, men and women were seen to be gentle, responsive- fitting the Western stereotype as feminine.In the Mundugumor tribe, she open up males and females to violent and aggressive- the Western stereotype of masculinity and finally in the Tchambuli tribe, she found role reversal to Western stereotypes, as males were much emotionally dependant and flirtatious, whereas the females were dominant, impersonal and definite. Although at first, Mead concluded that her research showed that gender roles came through cultural determinism as big differences were found between males and females in different cultures, implying that gender roles were driven by social factors.However, after later analysis and extending her research to come crossways at other tribes in Samoa, she changed her view (1949) to that her research actually showed cultural determinism, as despite differences in the roles males and females played in each society, in all the societies she looked at men were to a greater extent aggressive than the women, bestow to the idea that gender role is determined by nature, as in that location are some behaviours which are innate and universal, e. g. ggression in men, but that degree to which they are expressed is relative to the particular culture. This fits under the biosocial approach, as her research suggests there are some behaviours which are universal, but the degrees to which these behaviours are expressed depends on social factors, much(prenominal) as culture. Meads study was a natural experiment, meaning the tribes were observed in their uncouth environment, suggesting she was noting their true behaviour. However, her method has been heavily criticised by other psychologists such as Freeman (1984).Her research was conducted through interviews and observations of the tribes, but Freeman who also worked with Samoan tribes was told that Mead provide d the tribesmen with what she wanted them to say. Although this questions the validity of her research, in later years there has been lots of cross cultural research to show differences and similarities and divisions of labour and behaviour by gender in every society (Munroe and Munroe 1975). Further research to support the nature side of the assembly line is from discolor and Edwards 1975. by means of looking at 11 non-western societies, they found that gender roles were organised in similar ways across a range of traditional cultures. They found girls were encouraged to spend more time with their mothers and were more credibly to be given domestic and childcare jobs, whereas the boys were likely to be assigned jobs outside the house such as herding animals. This lead to girls spending more time with junior infants and adults, whereas boys spent more time with their peers, and so It seemed younger girls were found to be more responsible and nurturing than boys who in early adol escence began to get more responsibility.Whiting and Edwards concluded that the behavioural differences observed came about because of the confinements they are given. Girls are taught how to be responsible at a young age as they are exposed to female role models, and develop skills of caring for younger siblings. In another, Whiting and Whiting (1988) observed children in their natural environment with parents, siblings and peers. There were universal differences that girls were more nurturing and boys showed more dominance.However, the fact there were key differences between boys and girls such as what they were socialised into, and what they were encouraged to achieve, implies that two upbringing and biology play a role in development socialisation just magnifies the biological difference, hence differences across cultures such as between US and India. Bee (1995) supported the idea of socialisation macrocosm the most important factor in determining gender, as he stated childr en became the company they keep. However, researches such asOmar et al found similarities in varied countries such as Switzerland, Ethiopia and the US. Their research indicated that all boys show higher levels of competitiveness and aggression than females, indicating there are underling biological factors. Further support for the nurture argument comes from Berry et al (2002). They studied male superiority on spatial perceptual tasks in 17 societies. He found that this superiority is only found in relatively unaired knit, inactive societies but absent in nomadic societies.This shows that the magnitude of sex differences is linked to culture and ecology. In tight knit societies, the division of labour is greatest because women stay at spot whilst men travel, whereas in nomadic societies, some(prenominal) men and women travel and hunt so there is less division of labour (Van Leeuwen 1978). Therefore, this implies that social factors dictate gender role, due to the cultural diffe rences in division of labour found. Berrys fully grown study of a variety of societies indicates his results can be representative of the general population and we can speak results.However, Kimura (1999) offered an alternative biological interpretation, that in hunting societies, those with poor spatial perception are likely to die, thereof eliminating such genes from the gene pool. This explains why in nomadic societies, there would be less gender difference in spatial abilities. Further biological support comes from Buss et al (1989). Involving 10,000 participants from 37 cultures, he found universal themes in what males and females looked for in marriage partners. Women desired males who had good financial prospects, whereas men placed more important in physical attraction and youthfulness.Both sexes agreed intelligence, kindness and reliability are important. due to the fact these finding were universal, and the scale of the study implies we can generalise, it suggests gend er roles are biologically determined. However, an alternative argument may be that women look for providers, not because of biology, but because of the fact women tend to earn less in society, and in some countries, have fewer rights, which is a social issue determining differences in gender roles. But despite the fact that labour division are the same in most cultures- irls are brought up to be nurturing, responsible and obedient, likely to raise the children, whereas boys are raised to be more independent, independent and high-achieving, and provide for their family, suggest that it is biology that determines sex roles. However, it is difficult to decipher whether division is the direct outcome of biological differences or whether it is a more indirect outcome of biological differences. Eagly and Wood argued that all cultures shape their socialisation processes along with the lines of inborn biological tendencies.However, there has been research to counter this. Sugihara and Kats urada (2002) found that Japanese men do no not seek to be macho like Americans, but instead value be well-rounded in the arts (usually associated as femininity), showing that labour divisions are not the same in all cultures. As well as looking at the divisions of labour between difference cultures, there has also been research into the differences between gender roles in collectivist and individualistic cultures.In 2002, Chang, Guo and Hau, compared 145 American and 173 Chinese students by giving the students a 10 item Egalitarian Gender Role Attitudes Scale, which deliberate their attitudes to gender comparability at home and in the work place. Chang et al found that American students underline the important of equal gender roles at work, whereas the Chinese students emphasised the importance of equality at home and in the family. Although this does indicate differences, this may be due to the nature of their home country. In communist China, equality at work is taken for gran ted.Further exploring this, Leung and Moore (2003) compared Australians of English and Chinese decent using Bems SRI and crank differences in line with the Hofstedes dimensions. Both male and female English Australians showed masculine traits which are cute in individualistic cultures, whereas Chinese Australians male and female, showed feminine traits valued in a collectivist culture. Both research studies imply that cultural values and expectations have a strong on the development of gender roles and expectations (nurture). A big problem with much research is how you measure sex stereotypes.Williams and outmatch (1990) study highlighted some of the problems linked to this. 2,800 university students from 30 different nations were given a 300 item adjective checklist (ACL) and asked to decide for each adjective whether it was associated more with men or women. They found a broad consensus across countries- men were seen as more dominant, aggressive and autonomous, whereas women w ere more nurturing, deferent and interested in affiliation. This suggests there are universal gender stereotypes about gender roles, indicating, they are derived though our genes.However, this study proposed many problems in how they measurable sex stereotypes. Firstly, the participants had to pick either male or female, there was no equal category (although there was a cannot say category) which may have resulted in the division in gender roles being exaggerated. Furthermore, the task was related to stereotypes, not actual behaviours. Some argue that such stereotypes have a significant case on socialisation within the culture, and this are related to behaviour, but the data does not demonstrate this.Finally, because all of the participants are students, it indicates there behaviours are similar e. g. intelligences, and exposed to similar influences which may explain the broad consensus. another(prenominal) problem is a lot of the cross-cultural research has been collected by west ern researchers, therefore, even though they were collecting data in western and non-western societies, the method of research will be developed by western psychology. This may indicated imposed etic, and the data collected is meaningless and demonstrates cultural bias.To overcome this, Berry et al (2002) concluded that there should be a greater use of more genuine indigenous research, opposed to indigenous researchers carrying out the method of western psychologists. To conclude, despite methodological problems, due to the universal similarity in gender roles found in various investigations, it indicated that biology drives gender roles. However, difference found between cultures indicates social factors are also important, so there is a complex interaction between both factors, so the biosocial approach may be a more suitable approach, as it is less deterministic and acknowledges both aspects.As well, it is important to account for historical changes. Much research was done in th e 1970/1980s when the gender gap in many western countries was much larger than is it today, as it is now accepted that both males and females work, and parental equality. However, males still occupy more powerful positions than women, and women perform more domestic duties. But it is an important factor to consider when looking at data.