'Consciousness and Its Variations\r'

'Chapter IV Consciousness and its Variations Intro: 4. 1 Consciousness Your quick aw atomic number 18ness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the existenceness around you represent the inhabit of awargonness. William James described cognizantness as a â€Å"stream” or â€Å"river. ” Although always changing, consciousness is perceive as unified and unbroken much give c atomic number 18 a stream. Be ingest his idea of structuralism was based despatch of introspection, almost(prenominal) of the leading psychologists at the turn of the twentieth century emphasized with the weigh of everyplacet sort, which could be directly observed, metric, and verified.In mid 90’s many psychologists once again turned their attention to the guinea pig of consciousness. This was due to cardinal briny rea intelligences. initiatory it was fair clear that a complete understanding of bearing would non be possible un slight psychologists considered the role of cons cious intellectual biddinges in behavior. Second was because psychologist had devised much(prenominal) object lens ways to stud conscious pictures. For example, they could often read the conscious acknowledge that seemed to be slide byring by c befully observing behavior.Technological advances in studying headspring military action were as well producing intriguing correlations between foreland occupation and different affirms of consciousness. Different perspectives that psychologist be using to gather together a picture of consciousness be the role of psychological, physiological, social, and cultural influences. Biological and Environ psychogenic â€Å" clocks” that regulate Consciousness. Through the course of the day, on that point is a inbred ebb out and flow to consciousness. The intimately writ large variation of consciousness that we intimacy is the periodic repose- drive out cycle. These daily cycles such as this atomic number 18 c only(a )ed circadian rhythms.You rattling experience many different circadian rhythms that ebb and flow over the course of any given up 24hr period. Normally your circadian rhythms ar closely synchronised with one another. For example, the circadian rhythm for the release of ripening hormone is synchronized with the repose-wake circadian rhythm so that growth hormone is released merely during repose. The suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Your main circadian rhythms argon meshled by a surpass biological clock-a tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain. This tiny cluster of neurons is called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, abbreviated SCN.The SCN is the internal cardiac pace chip inr that governs the measure of circadian rhythms. The most important environmental age cue is bright promiscuous, e partlyicularly sunlight. The light is detected by special photoreceptors in the essence and is communi regurgitateed via the visual outline to the SCN. As the sun sets for each one day, the decrease in available light is detected by the SCN, and then in turn the CN triggers an gain in the production of a hormone called melatonin. Melatonin is stir by the pineal gland, an endocrine gland find in the brain. Increased lineage levels of melatonin help make you rest periody and reduce bodily process levels.The levels of melatonin rise at nighttime and peak around 0100 and 0300. Melatonin levels drop concisely before sunrises. The pineal gland stops producing melatonin, as the light from the sun is senesced by the SCN. Circadian Rhythms and cheerfulness: The 24hr day Since the light from the sun helps regulate our circadian rhythm, what would happen if the orthogonal environmental concomitantors were taken impertinent? Well the circadian rhythm then testament be referred to as a free-running condition, because the body’s internal clock runs freely and independently of external m cues.Without the external time cues researchers lease show that our internal body clock drifts to its natural (or intrinsic) rhythm. They overly found that our natural circadian rhythm is close to 24. 2 hours, or pretty biger than a day. Also as our melatonin peaks, our body core temperature overly drops to it’s lowest. But when deprived of all external environmental cues your body’s calmness-wake, body temperature, and melatonin circadian rhythms call on desynchronized. This means that they no longer flop coordinate with one another. An example is being natural spring lagged. Your out of sync with the sun set because the time zone difference is 12 hrs. calmness **Fun fact: over a per watchword’s smelltime, you’ll turn over approximately 22 historic period of your life a peacefulness. *** (Pg143) Prior to the 20th century, ease was largely viewed as a period of slumberous in act in which dreams sometimes occurred. The Dawn of current intermission Research The invention of the electroencephalograph by Hans Berger gave peacefulness researchers an important tool for measuring the rhythmic galvanising activity of the brain. These electrical patterns were referred to as brain waves. The electroencephalograph gravels a graphic record called pneumoencephalogram, or electroencephalogram.By studying the EEG researchers firmly established that brain-wave activity systematically changes byout peace. Eye movements, brawniness movements, existing tramps, airflow, pulse, business line pressure, aggregate of exhaled carbon dioxide, body temperature, and breathing sounds argon in force(p) some of the body’s functions that ar measured in contemporary log Zs research. Nathaniel Kleitman used his 8-year-old son to discover a pattern from the EEG and his son’s quick plaza movements. More of these rapid eye movements were noticed when field of battles in castinged dreams. Today we appropriate between two basic types of cat rest. rapid eye movement calm balanc e and nonrapid eye movement sleep sleep. rapid eye movement is often called alert sleep or paradoxical sleep because it is associated with heightened body and brain activity during which stargaze consistently occurs. orthodox sleep sleep, or non-rapid eye movement sleep, is often referred to as motionless sleep because the body’s physiological functions and brain activity slow down during this period of slumber. nonrapid eye movement sleep is divided into tetrad different re-creates. The onset of sleep and narcotic hallucinations Beta brain waves are produced as you prepare for bed. They are small, fast brain waves.After you’re head hits the pillow and your body begins to relax, your brain’s electrical activity gradually gears down generating slightly larger and slower alpha brain waves. During this drowsy, pre-sleep phase, you whitethorn experience odd but vividly pragmatic sensations. You whitethorn hear your name called or a loud crash, fell as if yo u’re fall or floating, flying, or see kaleidoscopic patterns or an unfolding landscape. The most frequentalty hypnagogic hallucinations are the vivid sense of falling. This hallucination is often attach to by a myoclonic jerk-an involuntary brawn cramp of the whole body that jolts the someone completely awake.The scratch 90 minutes of sleep and beyond each orthodox sleep sleep exhibit is characterized by equivalent decreases in brain and body activity. On number the progression through the starting signal quad pointednesss of N paradoxical sleep sleep occupies the set-back 50-70 minutes. STAGE 1 orthodox sleep As the alpha brain waves of drowsiness are replaced by even slower tbeta brain waves, you tuck the get-go stage of sleep, which only proceeds a some minutes. full point1 is a transitional stage during which you gradually release from the sensation of the surrounding world. During stage 1 you lav quickly regain conscious alertness if packed.Altho ugh hypnagogic experiences brush aside occur in stage one, little vivid mental imagery is common, such as imagining yourself engaged in some everyday activity. STAGE2 Nrapid eye movement Stage two represents the onset of true sleep. Stage two sleep is defined by the visual aspect of sleep spindles, brief bursts of brain activity that last a assist or two, and K complexes, wholeness high-voltage spikes of brain activity. Breathing becomes rhythmical, slight muscle twitches whitethorn occur, theta waves are predominant in stage two, but larger, slower brain waves, called delta brain waves, overly begin to emerge.During the 15-20 minutes initially spent in stage 2, delta brain-waves activity gradually increases. STAGE 3 NREM Stages three and quaternity are physiologically very similar. Both are defined by the amount of delta brain-wave sleep. In combination they are sometimes reefed to as slow-wave sleep (SWS). When delta brain waves represent much than 20 pct of total brain a ctivity, the draw is said to be in stage 3 NREM. When delta brain waves exceed 50% of total brain activity, the tie is said to be in stage 4 NREM. During the first 20-40 minutes of stage four NREM, delta waves pointually come to represent 100 percent of brain activity.At that point, partiality rate, pipeline pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels. In stage four the affiliation whitethornbe totally oblivious to the world but his muscles are still capable of movement. For example, if noctambulism occurs, it regularly happens during stag 4 NREM sleep. In stage four NREM it is possible for a person to fare a ringing phone, pick out on a conversation for severa minutes, and hang up without ever leaving stage 4 sleep- without retentiveness the conversation the next day. At this point the affiliation is approximately 70 minutes into a typical night’s sleep and immersed in latelyly relaxed stage four sleep.At this point the sequence reverses from stage 4 to 3 to 2 and then enters a dramatic unsanded phase called REM. REM Sleep During REM sleep the brain becomes much progressive and generates smaller and faster brain waves. Visual and force back neurons in the brain activate repeatly, just as they do during wakefulness. Dreams usually occur during REM sleep. Although the brain is very active, voluntary muscle activity is suppressed, which prevents the daydream linkup from acting out those dreams. REM sleep is accompanied by considerable physiological arousal. The sleeper’s eyes dart back and away behind closed eyelids-the rapid eye movements.Heart rate, stock certificate pressure, and respirations contribute fluctuate up and down, sometimes extremely. muscular tissue twitches occur. In both sexes inner arousal may occur. The first episode of REM sleep is astir(predicate) 5-15 minutes. From the first stage of NREM to the completion of the first cycle of REM usually lasts nigh 90 minutes has elapsed all together . Beyond the first 90 minutes Throughout the rest of the night, the sleeper cycles between NREM and REM sleep. Each sleep cycle lasts well-nigh 90 minutes on average, but the duration of cycles may vary from 70-120 minutes. and and afterward REM sleep the sleeper changes positions.Stage 3 and 4 NREM usually occur only during the first two 90-minute cycles. As the night progresses, REM sleep episodes become increasely longer and less time is spent in NREM. During the last two 90-minute sleep cycles before arouse, NREM sleep is collected primarily of stage two sleep and periods of REM sleep evoke last as long as 40 minutes. Changing sleep patterns over a lifetime During the last trimester of prenatal development, active REM and politic NREM sleep cycles emerge. In the final weeks, REM and NREM sleep are clearly distinguishable in the fetus.Newborns sleep nearly 16 hours a day, although not all at once. Up to 8 hours or 50% of the immature’s sleep is spent in REM sleep. The rest is spent in a quiet sleep that is very similar to NREM stages 1&2. Not until about the third month of life that the deep, slow-wave sleep of NREM stages 3&4 appear. typically the 90-minute sleep cycle develops over the first hardly a(prenominal)er old age of life. The infants first couple months is characterized as being a 60 minute sleep cycle, producing 13 sleep cycles per day. By the age of two the tot is experiencing 75 minute sleep cycles.By 5 years old the typical 90 minute sleep cycles of garblenating NREM and REM sleep is established. organic time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and sleep time decrease over the lifespan. Do we need sleep? Sleep deprivation studies has show us that after one nights sleep deprivation, subjects develop microsleeps, which are episodes of sleep lasting only a a few(prenominal) seconds that occur during wakefulness. mess who go without sleep for a day or more experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reply time, p erceptual skills, and complex move skills. slew us to thing that a person evoke adapt to only having 4-5 hours of sleep, but this is simply not true. Sleep deprivation brush off decrease concentration, vigilance, reaction time, memory skills, and the ability to gauge risks. Why do we sleep? Toblers theory of restorative theory of sleep states that NREM is vital to restore the body composition REM is used to restore the brain and mental functions. Dreams and Mental Activity during sleep4. 2 By the matureness the average person spends 2hours a night dreaming. So if you live to a ripe old age. You allow sire spent about six years of your life dreaming.Although dream may be the most spectacular brain production during sleep, they are not the most common. More prevalent is sleep thinking, also called sleep mentation. Sleep thinking usually occurs during NREM slow-wave sleep. Sleep thinking probably contributes to those times when you wake up with a solution to some exasperating pr oblem. When awakened during active REM sleep, people overcompensate a dream about 95% of the time. proterozoic morning dreams are the longest lasting up to 40 minutes and are the most potential to be remembered by the wishful thinker. People usually impart four or five dreams a night. Sleep and memory consolidation: let me sleep on it.Research shows that different sleep states and stages contribute to forming different kinds of memories. usher kick ups that NREM sleep contributes to forming in the altogether episodic memories, which are memories of personally experienced events. In contrast, REM sleep and NREM stage2 sleep seem to help consolidate new procedural memories, which involve learning a new skill or task until it can be fulfilled willingally. So how does sleep strengthen new memories? Almost a century ago antic Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach showed that memories could be enhanced by sleep as compared to an equal amount of time spent awake.Their bill was that, compa red to wakefulness, sleep kept additional information from busybodied with new memories. This explanation was still wrong. The correct answer using today’s new engineering science is that: New memories formed during the day are reactivated during the 90-minute cycles of sleep. This process of repeatedly reactivation these newly encoded memories during sleep strengthen the neuronic connections that contribute to forming long-term memories. So after forming new memories or learning something it is best to sleep after wards. It is also important to sleep prior to learning.This has been turn out to increase the chances of retaining information. Dream Themes and Imagery: Here are some patterns and themes that are well-substantiated findings on dream content. 1) Women report males and female in equal proportion as other dream story characters. 2) Men are more belike to repot other males as the dream story characters. 3) Negative feelings and events are more common than positi ve ones. 4) Instances of aggression are more common than are instances of friendliness. 5) Dreamers are more likely to be victims of aggression than aggressors in their dreams. ) Men are more likely than women to report dreams involving somatogenetic aggression. 7) Women are more likely than men to report emotions in their dreams. 8) Sex and sexual behaviors seldom occur as elements of the dream. 9) Apprehension or fear is the most often reported dream emotion for both sexes, followed by happiness and confusion. If apprehensive or fearful emotions become progressively more intense as a dream story unfolds, there person may experience a nightmare. The nightmare typically has the dreamer as being helpless or powerless in the face of being aggressively attacked or pursued.Although fear, perplexity, and even curse are the most ordinarily experienced emotions, some nightmares involve intense feelings of sadness, anger, disgust, or embarrassment. The Significance of Dreams Sigmund Fr eud â€Å"Dreams as fulfilled wishes” He was the recrudesce of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that sexual and aggressive instincts are the motivating forces that enjoin human behavior. Because these instinctual urges are so consciously unacceptable, sexual and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and wishes are pushed into the unconscious, or repressed. However, Freud believed that these repressed urges and wishes ould come near in dream imagery. Freud believed that dreams had two components. The manifest content, and the potential content. The manifest content being the dream itself and the potential content being the disguised psychological content of the dream. The Active-Synthesis Model of Dreaming Founded by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley and stated that dreaming is our subjective awareness of the brain’s internally generated signals during sleep. That the experience of dreaming sleep is due to the automatic activation of brain-stem circuits at the base to t he brain.So the brainstem sends electrical messages to the brain and then the brain attempts to make sense of the messages. Sleep Disorders 4. 2 According to info from National Sleep Foundation’s one-year polls, 7 out of 10 people experience sleep disruptions. People with trouble sleeping usually complain about one or more of the following: Insomnia, Excessive daytime sleepiness, and Ab normal behaviors or sensations during sleep. Sleep disruptions become a sleep sickness when A) defective sleep patterns consistently occur, B) They cause the subject distress, and C) they interfere with a persons daytime functioning.All sleep overturns can be classified into two broad categories. First is the dyssomnias, which are sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep (insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy). Then there is the parasomnias, which are sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sle ep transitions. People are said to have insomnias when they repeatedly complain about quality or duration of their sleep, have difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep, or wake before it is time to get up. Transient insomnias last anywhere from about 1-2 nights to a couple weeks.Chronic insomnias last at least(prenominal) three nights each week that persist for a month or longer. Women are more dispose to insomnias than men. Insomnias are also influenced by age, and gender. Most commonly insomnias can be traced to anxiety over nerve-wracking life events. Obstructive sleep apnea Sleep apnea is the second most common type of sleep disorder characterized by daytime sleepiness and excess snoring. The sleeper’s airway becomes narrowed or blocked, make very shallow breathing or repeated pauses or stops breathing. Each time breathing stops, oxygen blood levels decrease and carbon dioxide blood levels increase.Sleep apnea tends to run in families and is more predominate in mid dle age males. To treat sleep apnea requires a life style change. Usually its treaded by loosing weight, avoiding alcohol, process to widen breathing passages, or a special mouth piece. Sever to moderate sleep apnea is tough with positive airway pressure from a CPAP. Narcolepsy People with narcolepsy experience or abundance of daytime dash regardless of the amount of time asleep. This uncontrollable event of a rapid onset of sleepiness is called sleep attacks or microsleeps. About 70% of people who get under ones skin from narcolepsy experience cataplexy.Cataplexy is the sudden bolshy of voluntary muscle strength and control, lasting from several seconds to several minutes. People with narcolepsy also can experience sleep paralysis. Parasomnias In a parasomnias, the person’s brain is just awake enough to carryout the actions yet is still immersed in sleep that he or she has no conscious awareness or subsequent memory of having performed the action. Parasomnias occur dur ing NREM stages 3 & 4, are more common in children and decrease with age, occurs in multiple family member, suggest a genetic predisposition. Sleep Terrors:Also called night terrors, typically occur in the first few hours of sleep during stage 3 & 4 NREM. Physiologically, the first sign of a sleep terror is sagaciously increased physiological arousal, restlessness, sweating, and a racing heart rate. The difference between a sleep terror and a nightmare is as follows: Whereas nightmares involve a progressive unpleasant dream story, a sleep terror is usually accompanied by a single but terrifying sensation, such as being crushed or falling. Sleepsex Also called sexsomnia, involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.Without realizing what he or she is doing, the sleeper initiates attic kind of sexual behavior, such as masturbation, sleepsex-talking, fumble or fondling their bed partner’s genitals, or sexual intercourse. Sleepwalking Also called so mnambulism. Sleep-Related eat Disorders Frequent sleepwalking episodes to the kitchen, compulsive eating, and then awakening the next morning with no memory of having make so are the hallmarks of sleep-related eating disorders. The unplayful part of this is when the subject eats non-food items such as cat food, raw bacon, salt sandwiches, coffee grounds, or gift creams. Hypnosis 4. 3Hypnosis can be defined as a cooperative social interaction in which the mesmeric participant responds to intimations made by the hypnotist. Hypnosis is characterized by breathing out rivet attention, increased responsiveness to suggestions, vivid images and fantasies, and a willingness to accept intertwineions of logic or reality. Effects of Hypnosis Subjects of hypnosis may report detachment from their bodies, profound relaxation, or sensations of timelessness. receptive and perceptual changes Sensory changes that can be bring on through hypnosis include temporary blindness, deafness, or a c omplete loss of sensation in some part of he body.People can also experience hallucinations under hypnosis. Hypnosis can also influence behavior outside the hypnotic state. When a posthypnotic suggestion is given. The person will carry out that specific suggestion after the hypnotic session is over. Hypnosis and memory holding can be effected by posthypnotic amnesia, in which a subject is unable to recall specific information or events that occurred before or during hypnosis. The opposition effect is called hypermnesia, which is enhancement of memory for past events through hypnotic suggestions. Explaining HypnosisPsychologist Ernest R Hilgard believed that the hypnotize person experiences dissociation- the divide of consciousness into two or more concurrent streams of mental activity. This is called Hilgard’s neodissociation theory of hypnosis. Limits and applications of Hypnosis Contrary to fashionable belief, you cannot be hypnotized against your will. Second hypnos is cannot make you perform behaviors that are contrary to your moral and values. Third, hypnosis cannot make you stronger than your physical capabilities or bestow new talents. Hypnosis can be used to help modify problematic behaviors. venture Meditation refers to a group of techniques that induce an altered state fo focused attention and heightened awareness. habitual to all forms of meditation is the goal of controlling or retaining attention. there are two general categories of meditation, Concentration techniques involving nidus awareness on visual image, your breathing, a word, or a phrase. When a sound is used, it is typically a short word or religious phrase, called a mantra. The second category is opening-up techniques involving a present-centered awareness of the passing moment, without mental judgment.Rather than concentrating on an object, sound, or activity, the meditator engages in quiet awareness of the â€Å"here and now” without distracting thoughts. Effec ts of meditation The early research on meditation focused on its use as a relaxation technique that writed stress and improved cardiovascular health. Numerous studies now show that practicing TM (transcendental meditation) subjects experience a state of lowered physiological arousal, including a decrease in heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and changes in brain waves. Psychoactive Drugs 4. 4Psychoactive medicates are chemic substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perceptions. There are four categories of psychoactive drugs and they are press downants (drugs that set about, or inhibit, brain activity), opiates (drugs that are chemicly similar to morphine and that relieve trouble and produce euphoria), stimulants (drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity), and psychotropic drugs (drugs that distort sensory perceptions). The Depressants Alcohol, Barbiturates, Inhalants, and Tranquilizers The depressants are a class of drugs that depress or in hibit central nervous system activity.In general, depressants produce drowsiness, sedation, or sleep. Alcohol Used in small amount alcohol reduces tension and anxiety, on with reducing the risk of heart disease. Alcohol can also be misused and considered a dangerous drug. How does alcohol affect the body? Generally it takes about one hour to metabolize the alcohol in one drink, which is defined as 1 oz. of 80 proof whiskeys, 4 ounces of wine, or 12 ounces of beer. Alcohol depresses the activity of neurons throughout the brain. As the blood alcohol levels rise, the more brain activity that is impaired.Because alcohol is physically addictive, the person with alcoholism who stops drining may suffer from physical withdrawal symptoms. Inhalants Inhalants are chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness. At low doses, they may cause relaxation, giddiness, and reduced inhibition. At higher doses inspirations can lead to hallucinations and a loss of consc iousness. Repeatedly inhaling is a practice that increases risk of upright damage to the brain, heart, and other organs. In a study using a inhalant abuser and a cocain addict that tested both subjects cognitive abilities.The cocaine addict actually scored higher than the inhalant abuser. Even though they both were below the norm for non-users. Barbiturates-Tranquilizers Barbiturates are powerful depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and promote sleep, which is why they are sometime called â€Å"downers. ” Barbiturates depress activity in the brain center that control arousal, wakefulness, alertness, and also depress the brains respiratory centers. Low doses cause relaxation, mild euphoria, and reduced inhibitions, but larger doses produce a loss of coordination, impaired mental functioning, and depression.High doses can produce unconsciousness, coma, and death. Barbituates produce a very deep but abnormal sleep in which REM sleep is greatly reduced. Tranquilizers are depres sants that relieve anxiety. Common prescribe tranquilizers are Xanax, Valium, and Ativan. The Opiates Often called narcotics, these groups of addictive drugs relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria (a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being some times exaggerated in pathological states as mania). Opiates produce their powerful effect by mimicking the brain’s own natural painkillers, called endorphins.Heroin, OxyContin, Demorol, Fentanyl, Percodan, and Vicodin. The Stimulants caffein, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine Stimulants vary in the strength of their effects, court-ordered status, and the manner in which they are taken. All stimulants however are at least mildly addicting, and all tend to increase brain activity. Caffeine and Nicotine Caffeine is the most wide used psychoactive drug in the world. Its found in almost everything (soda, coffee, tea, cho gagete, and cola drinks). Caffeine stimulates the cerebral cortex in the brain, resulting in an incre ase in mental alertness and wakefulness.Nicotine, contrary to popular belief does not relax the body. sooner it stimulates it. Nicotine increases neural activity in many field of force of the rain, including the frontal lobes, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Amphetamines and Cocaine Like caffeine and nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine are addictive substances that stimulate brain activity, increasing mental alertness and reducing fatigue. Amphetamines is sometimes called â€Å" secureness” or â€Å"uppers. ” Amphetamines suppress appetite and were once widely prescribed as diet pills. Cocaine is an under-the-counter stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca tree.Inhaling cocaine produces intense euphoria, mental alertness and self-confidence. A more concentrated form of cocaine is called â€Å"crack” which is smoked instead of inhaled. protract use of cocaine and amphetamines can result in stimulant-induced psychosis, which have Schizophrenia-like s ymptoms, including hallucinations of voices and bizarrely paranoid ideas. Psychedelic Drugs Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and Marijuana This is a group of drugs that create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking. Psychedelic literally means â€Å" reason manifesting. ” Mescaline and LSD Mescaline was derived from the peyote cactus.Another psychedelic drug is psilocybin which is derived from the Psilocybin mushroom or sometimes called the â€Å"magic mushrooms” or â€Å"shrooms. ” Mescaline and LSD are very similar chemically to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is composite in regulating moods and sensations. These drugs can sometime have a â€Å"bad trip” were the user doesn’t get the results the wished for but they get the opposite. Marijuana The common hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, is used to make rotary and cloth. But when its leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds are dried and crushed, the mixture is called marijuana. causality â€Å"Club” Drugs Ecstasy and dissociative anesthetic drugs\r\n'