03/30/2012
Beware Britons Bearing Greeks: Collapse and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1923
Themes: Emergence of crude oil as a strategic commodity and impact on peace treaties in the former
Ottoman Empire; Turkish war of independence and Greco-British imperialism; lineament of the Soviet
coalescence in promoting independent states in Turkey and Iran.
Central parameter: Although Great Power inte expects helped compliance the post-WWI Middle East, the
ambitions and accomplishments of local leaders Venizelos, Mustafa Kemal, and Reza Shah
were equally important during the period between 1919-1923.
Outline and tombstone Terms:
inunct: One of the key topics we must discourse to make sense of the First World War and the rest of
the 20th century in the Middle East is the role and history of oil.
- Up until 1911 oil was an important commodity, but only for consumer goods (lighting,
heating); in 1911, the British Navy (largest in the world) switches to an oil-burning,
instead of coal-burning, fleet.
o Largest world producers in early 1900s: US, Russia, Persia, Mexico, Dutch East
Indies, Romania.
o Oil allows ships to move faster and go further without refueling.
o really a result of concession diplomacy; British oil comes predominantly from
Persia, where due to the dArcy concession in 1901 they comport access to virtually
all of the oil wells discovered and actual in Persia (after 1908).
- During WWI, oil becomes the most strategically vital commodity on the planet and,
outside of Romania, Europe doesnt take away any of it!
- Control over oil will shape the intended partition of the OE after WWI.
Treaties of Sevres (1920) & Lausanne (1923):
- Treaty of Sevres intends to carve the inherent Ottoman Empire including Anatolia up
into zones of occupation, with an independent Armenia, Kurdish zone, and Turkish rump
state. The meshed areas would include British, French, Italian, and Greek enclaves, with
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