Impact of Information Technology to Business

14). Critical thinking, to be effective, depends in large part on the availability of risque type information. Advances in information technology can provide high quality information in a condemnationly expression to organizational managers.

The purpose of this study is to identify the processes for the effective integrating of advances in information technology and the strategic management process. As these processes will tend to vary according to industries and organizations, this study investigates the issues voluminous through the study of diverse case examples of the actual integrating of advances in information technology and the strategic management process. The "methodological analysis" section of this chapter identifies the cases analyzed.

Information engineering science: Development Over Time

Technology is society's pool of applied knowledge concerning how goods and advantages can be produced by managers, workers, engineers, scientists, and craftspeople, using land and capital. Innovation, in an economic context, is the de but of new products, or processes. Productivity is defined as a measure of the rate at which output flows from the use of attached amounts of the factors of production (Miller, 1996).

When technology is considered within the context of physical science, it is typically viewed as the

President Dwight D. Eisenhower accredited the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the coupled States following the Soviet Union's 1957 launch of Sputnik. The organization developed the joined States' first successful satellite over a conclusion of just 18 months. Several geezerhood later ARPA began to focalization on computer networking and communications technology (Leiner, 2000).

Viewing the maturement of the meshing as a progression in the reading of an information system that began with the linking of North America and Europe with the Atlantic cable in 1858 placed the development of the Internet in a perspective that enables one to speculate on proximo developments in information systems technology that will render the Internet as obsolete at some future time as the Atlantic cable is obsolete today (Leiner, 2000).

In March 1989, a proposal was made to CERN to make hypertext the base of operations of the World Wide Web. In March 1991, a line-mode browser (WWW) was released to a limited group within CERN. The line-mode browser was released to the customary public in January 1992 (Leiner, 2000).

The Atlantic cable of 1858 was established to channel instantaneous communications across the ocean for the first time. Although the laying of this first cable was seen as a landmark final result in society, it was a technical failure. It only remained in service a few days. Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were on the whole successful and remained in use for almost 100 years (Leiner, 2000).

The Internet has changed since it came into existence. It was conceived in the era of time-sharing, but has survived into the era of personalized computers, client-server, peer-to-peer computing, and the network computer. It was designed before local area networks (LANs) existed, but has accommodated that new network technology, as well as the to a greater extent recent ATM and frame-switched services. It was envisioned as supporting a range of functions from file sharing and remote login to
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